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Essay, 16 pages (4000 words)

Hallucinogens flashcard

the word hallucinogen comes from the Latin word __alucinere, meaning to wander in mind, talk idly, or prateDSM5 defines a hallucinogen as asensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ-distortions of sensory information, some drugs cause mental confusion or deliriumother terms for hallucinogenspsychedelics, illusinogens, and deliriantshow many plants capable of producing hallucinogenic or deliriant effects600hallucinogens comprise a very chemicallyheterogenous class of drugsfourfold categorization comprised of what3 categories based on neurotransmitter characterizations and the fourth being in a miscellaneous group4 categories are1. cholinergic hallucinogens2. serotonergic hallucinogens (eg. LSD)3. methylated amphetamines (eg. MDMA, ecstasy)4. other hallucinogensanother word for methylated amphetaminesnoradrenergic hallucinogenshumans were quick to discover that ingestion of these plants could produce what-what acting in the cholinergic nervous system produces psychoactive effectsa delirium like state, or be used as poisons-drugs acting as agonists AND antagonistscholinergic agonist hallucinogens

cholinergic nervous system importantly involved in

2 types of cholinergic agonist hallucinogens

these drugs stimulate primarily muscarinic cholinergic receptors, producing greater than normal neural activity in the cholinergic nervous system

many life sustaining physiological functions and learning&memory

amanita muscaria, ibogaine

amanita muscaria-fly agaric mushroom-mushrooms have a bright red cap, speckled with white dots, similar to the ones in the Disney film Fantasia-not a typical drug choice todayVikings called “ beserkers” becauseingestion of the mushroom produces a state of “ agitated raving” and feelings of invincibility, evidence that Vikings would consumer this before raiding a villageamanita contains what psychoactive substance (2)

these substances are excreted where

ibotenic acid* (which is metabolized to muscazone) and muscimole

excreted in urine largley unchanged and an active dose may be had by ingesting the urine of someone who ingested the mushroom

symptoms of cholinergic activation from amanita include-initial period of good humour and light euphoria-feelings of detachment and unreality-feelings of increased power-agitated raving-twitching and trembling of limbs-visions of the supernatural and illusions of grandeur-marked lacrimation (tearing)-salivation and sweating-pinpoint pupils (shrink up)-severe stomach pain, and painful diarrhea, coma, convulsions, and potentially deathibogaine-plant found in Gabon in central Africa, Gabonese hunters chewed the yellowish root of the plant-mainly acts as a stimulant allowing the hunters to endure long treks and searches for foodmain psychoactive compound in ibogaineibotenic acidibogaine was sold when/where/why

is ibogaine legal in canada

in the 1960s in France as an over the counter medication for fatigue

yes!

some people found that of enough pills were taken they could experience a type of mystical or meditative effect during which what they identified astherapeutic, repressed childhood memories were unlocked, users felt that these experiences fave them great insight in themselvesibogaine gained a reputation among what usersheroin users as useful if they were trying to quitthere are drug treatment centers in Canada that do what, ex. incorporate ibogaine in a treatment plan-Toronto Ibogaine Treatment Centercholinergic antagonist hallucinogens

4 types

some substances block muscarinic cholinergic receptors and in doing so produce a set of effects that justify their classification as deliriants or hallucinogens-common in pesticides

-atropa belladonna-datura stramonium-henbane-mandragora officinarum

atropa belladonna

main ingredient

atropine is an alkaloid of atropa belladonna, known as a deadly nightshade or love apples, b/c it was thought to be an aphrodisiac (drug that stimulates sexual desire)

main ingredient is atropine

atropa plant is found mainly where, and is a member of what family, produces what kind of flowersmainly Europe, North Africa, Asiamember of the tomato/potato familyproduces bell shaped purplish flowers tinged with green and has soft blue/black berriesname atropa belladonna was given to reflect 2 common uses of the plant-atropos eldest of the 3 fates in greek mythology, and it was her duty to cut the thread of life for a person’s death (thus atropa reflects the use of atropine as a poison)

-belladonna comes from when women would instill the juice of nightshade berries in their eyes to dilate them, which was considered to be more beautiful

physiological effects of atropinedilated pupilsfeeling of suffocatinghusky voiceat low dosesdrug produces an initial increase in general arousalat slightly higher dosessedative effects begin to appear, dream like state where user experiences pleasing hallucinations, vivid and erotic dreams, and a sense of weightlessness (sensation of flying)upon awakeninguser may exhibit amnesia (has difficult time realizing dreams and hallucinations were not real)at even higher dosesphase of pleasantness is replaced with more powerful and frightening images, potentially lethal-very fine line btwn pleasant experience and lethal one, so repeated recreational use very uncommondatura stramonium3 other common namesatropine and other cholinergic blockers, scopolamine and hyoscyamine, are found in Datura stramonium, known as jimsonweed, jamestown weed, thorn appledatura history of usein colonial america women who claimed to witches would rub ointments made from Datura on sticks and then straddle them for feeling of weightlessness and a sensation of flying-drug would be absorbed via the vaginal membranes producing a claim that they were flyingdatura has been and continues to be used for whatto fortify marijuana in the far east and indiatoday in these regions (Far East and India), whats happenedcigarettes are made from the leaves of Datura and Atropa and smoked to produce an intoxicating effectuntil 1970s, these cigarettes were sold in pharmacies in both Canada and the US forthe treatment of asthma b/c of the bronchodilating effects of atropineingestion of datura produces same effects as those ofatropaJimsonweed is cultivated today for what

how many seeds for a low to moderate dose, how many for hallucinations

decoration-has purple trumpet like flowers, large, jagged leaves, and thorny fruit pods that produce seeds each fall

10-20 for low to moderate dose50 for hallucinations/death

henbane-contains scopaline and hyoscyamine-called hyoscyamus niger-yellowish flowers and hairy leavesmandragora officinarummandrake (meaning “ potent male”) plant contains atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyaminehistory, mytha hanged man would have an erection and ejaculation caused by the sudden snapping of the neck sending an impulse down the spinal cord, plant grew wherever a hanged man’s semen fell to the ground-myth also has it that the plant shrieks when uprooted, driving mad anyone who hears itat low dosesat higher dosesits used as a sedative hypnotic type of drugat higher doses, it produces hallucinations and deliriumthe drug most identified with the term “ hallucinogen” is the prime example of aserotonergic hallucinogenserotonergic hallucinogens often used in whatmigraine medicationsLSD, chemical name and trade namefirst synthesized when and by who

important symptom in LSD

Lysergic acid diethylamide, trade name Delysidfirst synthesized in 1938 by the Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman who was studying derivatives of the ergot fungus for their vasoconstrictive action and ability to give muscle tone to the uterus

-LSD one of the most potent drugs around-important symptom is synthesia

lysergic acid amide is an alkaloid obtained fromergot, a parasitic fungus found on a variety of grains (eg. rye and wheat)Hoffman was not attempting to produce an hallucinogenic drug, but it turned out that what

his research also produced

the 25th derivative/modification that he produced had strong hallucinogenic properties (hence the name LSD-25)

a number of compound with therapeutic usefulness (eg. Methergine), drug used to treat migraines

did this happen on purpose or by accident, what year

next day what happened

1943 Hoffman accidentally dosed himself with LSD by getting a sample on his hands, recorded a detailed picture when he started experiencing effects

he intentionally ingested 250 micrograms to study the drug’s effect

250 micrograms5 times larger than the minimal psychoactive dose-minimal dose is about the size of a grain of saltDr. Humphrey Osmondcoined the term “ psychedelic” govn’t agencies in the USwere interested if LSD would be useful as an aid in interrogations, but concluded that it was too unreliable to useDr. Timothy Leary-godfather of LSD-started freely distributing the drug and told people to “ turn on” to acidLSD used in psychotherapy when and whyduring 1950s and 1960s, rationale being that while under the influence of the drug the user would more openly communicate about inner feeling and also be more open to therapeutic suggestionsLSD legal in the US until when1966in 1966 what happened to LSDit was made a schedule I drug in the US (no medical use and high abuse potential)use of LSD peaked whenlate 1960’s to early 1970’sfrom 1967-1971 the % of college students reporting at least one lifetime use of LSD rose from1%-20%-however use has declined since that timecanadians aged 15 or older reported lifetime use for hallucinogens of about what % and past year use at what %lifetime use at 12%, past year use at 1%among university Canadian students, past year use at what %6%since 1995, steady decline since the peak in 1995LSD characteristicsodorless, tasteless, colorless, and fairly easily crosses both the blood brain barrier and the placental barrierhow is LSD typically takenorally as a tablet (eg. orange barrel, purple haze), gelatin capsule (commonly called window pane), or on absorbent paper (commonly called blotter acid)oral ingestion peak concentration how long, duration of effects90 minutes peak concentrations5-12 hrs duration of effectsfirst symptoms of LSDactivation of the sympathetic nervous system: dilated pupils (good index of the hallucinogenic effect), increased body temperature and blood pressure, analgesia (inability to feel pain)after 1-2 hours of ingestion

major symptoms (8)

-hallucinogenic effects –primary visual and often experienced with the eyes closed

-one of the first effects is wave like and rhythmic movement in objects (that are not actually moving)-object trails-when eyes are closed there appear images of latticework, spirals, funnels, cobweb figures (called form constants, occurs frequently)-synesthesia: perception of one sense in another sense modality (eg. users seeing sounds, can see vividly coloured musical notes while listening to music)-distortions in perception, small periods of time seem to be very long-ego disintegration (difficult to distinguish himself from the surroundings), effect may be partially due to the anagesic effects of the drug. One use described the effects as if their whole body had been injected with novocaine, and it was like touching your jaw at the dentist-bad trips –potential adverse effect, common in novice users, fear that effect is permanent (3%)-flashbacks: unexpected psychedelic experiences long after the most recent use of LSD, typically short lived, self terminating, and not distressing

HPPD, hallucinogen persisting perception disordermore long lasting, distressing, recurrent, and only slowly reversible psychedelic experiences occurring well after the last drug use (4% of users)-recognized diagnosable condition in DSM 5LSD fatality rateLD50 is 14 000 micrograms which is approx 300 times the minimal psychoactive dose estimated at 50 micrograms, very difficult to ODdoes tolerance occurtolerance occurs to most of the hallucinogenic effects of LSD in 3-4 days-tolerance also occurs to other serotonergic hallucinogens (cross tolerance across these hallucinogens)-if tolerance has developed to LSD there will be tolerance to psilocybin or mescalinewhat also contributes to the development of tolerance to LSDPavlovian conditioningis there evidence of physical dependencenodoes LSD cause harmful effects in babiesLSD does not cause chromosomal damage (brain damage)has research supported an LSD model of schizophrenianoin schizophrenia there are true hallucinations experienced with eyes opened, in LSD produces perceptual distortions with eyes closedearly research suggested that LSD suppressed firing of(Rechs and Rosecrans)serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei by acting as an agonist at presynaptic 5-HT1 receptors which serve a negative feedback regulatory function on serotonergic activitythe raphe nuclei are part of what is called theascending reticular activating system (ARAS) which is involved in the filtering of sensory information, and thus the hypothesis was that LSD interfered with this filtering leading to sensory distortionssome research contradicted this explanation and a consensus grew that LSD produced its effects howmainly via an agonistic action at postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptorsblocking 5-HT2 receptors does whatantagonizes the hallucinogenic effects of LSDalthough it is believed that agonism at 5-HT2 receptors is critically involved in LSD’s hallucinogenic effects there is new evidence thatthe original mechanism of agonism at 5-HT1 receptors suppressing raphe activity is relevantlysergic acid amideless potent, naturally occurring form of hallucinogen related to LSD-found in ergot, a fungus present on morning glory seeds-looks like rooster legsthese naturally occurring sources of lysergic acid played a role inthe salem witch trials-witch trials took place in fall of 1691 following a warm, rainy spring and summer that would have been favourable to an ergot infestation“ Holyfire” or “ St. Anthony’s fire” may have resulted fromthe strong vasoconstrictive action of lysergic amide that had been baked into bread made from infected grains-the restriction blood flow to the limbs caused by the vasoconstriction leads to a sensation of warmth (hence the fire), tingly sensation also a symptomergotism, when and whereafflicted behaviour caused by ingestion of ergot-outbreak in a small French town in 1951other hallucinogens that resemble the neurotransmitter serotonin (3)psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, bufoteninepsilocybin, common street namechemical namewhat is itAztec and Mayan people called psilocybe mushrooms whathow is it typically takenhow much needed for psychoactive effect, how much for hallucinogenic effectonset of effects is how long and duration is how long“ shrooms” common street name4-phosphoryl-dimethyltryptamine-naturally occurring substance in a variety of mushrooms-teonanactl, meaning “ flesh of the gods”-typically taken by eating mushrooms or drinking a brew containing them4-8 mg, > 15 mg for hallucinogenic effectonset of effects is 30 minutes with a duration of 2-6 hrsin the body, psilocybin is converted todoes tolerance occurpsilocybin effectspsilocin which is more lipid soluble and is thought to be the actual active agent-tolerance occurs to the effects of psilocybin and cross tolerance is displayed to other hallucinogenscompared to LSD, more strongly visual, less emotionally intense, more euphoric, and less likely to produce a panic reactiondimethyltryptamine (DMT)-what does it look like, effects, onset, duration-reddish bark used as snuff-effects are rapid and short-onset as little as 10 seconds, duration of 60 min at mostbecause of short duration, it became known asthe businessman’s psychedelic (would take over lunch hour), ppl on Wall street used this to trade stocksmethods of ingestion, most common methodone of most common drinks used by indigenous peopleeffects of DMTmay be taken as drink, but highly ineffective b/c it is rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase*-ayahuasca* (DMT + additional substance), used in religious ceremonies and PTSD-most common method of administration is inhalation/smoking-effects: excitability, other wordly experience, numbness of the limbs, twitching of the facial muscles, nauseabufoteninechemical name found in what animalside effect unique5-hydroxy-DMTused as a hallucinogen by indigenous peoples in the form of snuff (yopa and cohoba)found in toads, may have something to do with the use of toads in witch’s brews?, also used in Simpson’s toadscyanosis, skin turns purplish blueis there evidence that it produces self administration, cpp, little evidence in serotonergic hallucinogens for both-not reinforcing at allneurotransmitter norepinephrine have what kind of propertieshallucinogenic propertiesneurotransmitter amphetamine has what kind of propertiescombination of stimulant and hallucinogenic propertiesprime example of serotegenic hallucinogens and norepinephrine hallucinogensserotegenic –> LSDnorepinephrine –> mescalinemescalinethe prototypical naturally occurring norepinephrine type hallucinogenmescaline is the active alkaloid in whatthe peyote cactuscontains stimulating and rewarding propertiescharacteristics of the cactussmall, spineless green grey pincushion* or buttonlooks like a pin cushionmost of the plant is underneath, the important part is abovewhen used in the natural condition…in this form, the active ingredients remainthe button is sliced and often dried to form hard brownish discsthey remain potent indefinitelyis mescaline absorbed readily/passes easily? mescaline is absorbed readily from the digestive tract but passes poorly through the blood brain barrierhow much needed to produce euphoric effects and how much for hallucinogenic3 mg for euphoric/stimulant effects5 mg for hallucinogenic effectspeak effects how long, effects last how long, normal duration of effectpeak effects occur in about 60 min, effects may last 4-16 hours but the avg is about 10 hrs-effects are long livedpeyote intoxication characterized bycoloured visions in kaleidoscopic movement, often accompanied by auditory, taste, olfactory, and tactile hallucinations-user experiences sense of weightlessness, alterations in time perception-nausea, vomiting, headaches, and hangoverwhat 3 drugs are indistinguishablemescaline, psilocybin, and LSDsince it is related to norepinephrine, mescaline producessympathetic arousal including dilated pupils, increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperaturedoes tolerance developis there cross toleranceyes, occurs rapidlyyes, cross tolerance to other hallucinogensalthough mescaline resembles the neurotransmitter norepinephrine it seems that itproduces hallucinogenic effects in essentially the same manner as the serotonergic hallucinogens, that being an agonist action at 5-HT2 receptors –> basis of cross tolerancepast year use of mushrooms and mescaline in grades 9-12 to be what %higher use in females or malesthe peak past year of mushrooms/mescaline occurred when and was at what %4%higher use in males than femalespeak past year use occurred in late 1990s/early 2000s and was about 17%common methylated amphetamines (4)-DOM or STP-MDA-MDMA-Myristicin and elemicinDOM, street namefirst used asSTPpotential appetite suppressantSTP stands for“ serenity, tranquility, and peace” or “ super terrific psychedelic” doses greater than 10 mgproduces strong hallucinations lasting 16-25 hoursDOM affects what (2 things)serotonin and dopamineDOM is associated with whatdue to whatadverse reactions/bad trips more than any other hallucinogensdue to the long duration of action and the difficulty convincing the panicked users that the effects will wear off2 related compounds of DOM areDOI and DOBMDA , most common street namefirst synthesized when and as whatEVE1910, as an appetite suppressant, antidepressant, and in the treatment for Parkinson’s diseaseMDA is more like a whata typical hallucinogen as compare to an amphetamine like drugMDA is a metabolite ofMDMA (ecstasy) and my account for many of MDMA’s effects-MDMA is metabolized to MDAMDA effectsenhances emotions and empathy and tends to promote a strong emotional linkMDA and MDMA are useful psychotherapeutic adjunct b/cit allows people to get in touch with their inner feelingsroot of the sassafras tree formerly used as what contains what that can converted to whatformerly used in the production of root beer but now banned b/c of carcinogenic properties, contains a substance, safrole or shikimo, that can easily be converted to MDAMDMA, commonly known as whatwas synthesized when and as what3, 4-mthylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy or XTCsynthesized in the early 1900s as a potential appetite suppressantonset of effects occur when, duration of effects whenwithin one hour, duration of effects around 4-6 hourssymptomspositive mood changes, increased energy, and higher dose hallucinations-undesirable effects include sweating, tension in the jaw, teeth grindingMMDMA has more toxic effects than most other hallucinogens b/cit produces very high body temperatures (malignant hyperthermia) and dehydration, a combination that has produced some deathspeak use when, it was legal until whenwhat % use amongst studentspeak use mid 1980s, drug was legal until 19863%MDMA causes release of whatwhat is better at releasing the otherserotonin and dopamine and is particularly effective in releasing serotonin, cocaine better at releasing dopamineMDMA and MDA seem to block whatthe reuptake of serotonin thereby causing a prolonged and intense period of serotonergic activationcan this cause permanent damageyes, excess activation of serotonin and dopamine can cause permanent damage to these neurotransmitter systemsMDMA has been shown to be a potent serotonergic neurotoxin in what animalsrats, nonhuman primates, even evidence from humanswhen people had used MDMA between 80-100 times compared to people who had not used the drug, what happenedthe major serotonin metabolite was lowerin people who had 50 or more lifetime usesthere was reduced serotonin binding and transporter densities, effects more pronounced in womenin brain areas involving learning and memorydamaged nerve endings do not regrow which results in a permanent lowering of serotonergic functioning, underfunctioningin brain areas involving sleep and appetite there isexcess regeneration resulting in excess serotonin releasechronic use of MDMA, problems includememory impairment, decision making deficits, loss of impulse control, recurrent paranoia, and depressionMyristicin and elemicin, found wherewhat spices are derivedare they strong or weaktaken in the form of whatinitial effects include what, duration lasts how longfound in the fruit of the tree Myristica fragrans-nutmeg and mace are spices derived from the dried seed and seed coat-fairly weak hallucinogens-tea-nausea and vomiting, after 2 hours u get a weak hallucinogenic effectmescaline show self administration and cpp? mescaline not self administered by monkeys-difficult to obtain self administration with this prototypical phenethylamine hallucinogen-little evidence that it produces CPP too-these finding similar to those with LSDin comparison, many of the methylate amphetamine type hallucinogens, notably MDMA and MDAare self administered and produce CPPmiscellaneous hallucinogens4 types-a variety of other drugs that produce hallucinogenic, psychedelic, deliriant or dissociative experiences-phenyclidine and ketamine-dextromethorphan-salvia divinorum-thujonephencyclidine and ketamine-called dissociative anesthetics-produce total anesthesia, but at lower doses they produce a feeling of detachment (dissociation) from the environment and self, a type of out of body/out of world experience-drugs also produce analgesia and amnesiaPhencyclidine developed when, marketed when under what trade nameit had the desirable effects as what but also what kind of undesirable side effectsketamine was developed whendeveloped in 1926 and marketed until the 1950s under the trade name Sernyldesirable effects as an anesthetic, undesirable effects of hallucinations and seizures and was removed from human usein 1960s as a drug with potentially fewer unwanted side effectsmost common street names for phencyclidineangel dustPCP, angel dust, and horse tranks (reference to the drug’s use in vet medicine as a tranquilizer)–> sprinkle on marijuana to increase potencyPCP may be taken howpeak concentrations occur when vs. peak concentrations if smokedorally in the form of a powder or liquidorally takes 2 hrs, smoking takes few secondseffects include

effects last how long but may persist for how long

euphoria, numbness (due to anesthetic effect), loss of motor coordination, catatonia (not moving, waxy flexibility), initial nystagmus (eyes moving back and forth quickly) but eventually a fixed stare (doll’s eyes), distortion of body image with the perception of parts the body, auditory hallucinations, extreme mood changes going from almost no emotional affect to outbursts, aggressive hostility, and stereotypies, violent and aggressive behaviour, out of control

effects last 4-6 hours but may persist for days

lethal dose how muchare bad trips common2-5 times the recreational doseoccur frequently, in 80% of usersdoes tolerance and physical dependence developyes in lab animals, not really in humans b/c of infrequency with which humans subject themselves to sufficient dosingwithdrawal symptoms in rhesus monkeys includetremors, oculomotor hyperactivity, bruxism, fearfulness, vocalizations, diarrhea, emesis and convulsionsKetamine, street name, popular whereeffects compared to PCPSpecial K, popular drug at ravessimilar but generally shorter, lasting 2 hoursusers often describe the effects of ketamine by sayingthey have entered the “ K-hole” suggested that ketamine may providea more useful model of psychosis and schizophreniaPCP and K bind to whatsigma opiate receptors and antagonistic NMDA glutamate receptors-PCP and K act as “ use dependent” antagonistswhen glutamate acts to open an ion channelPCP or K attaches to a site within the channel, PCP and K would thus suppress the level of neuronal activity produced by glutamate which is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNSthe antagonism of the NMDA receptor is thought to also producean increase in dopaminergic activity in brain reward centersboth K and PCP are self administered bydo they support CPPrats, monkeys, and dogsdo not support CPPPCP and K have reinforcing and aversion (conditioned place aversion) effectsDextromethorphan, common use, is it more or less potent than PCP/KDM is a common cough suppressant which stimulates sigma opiate receptors and blocks NMDA receptors, the same two actions of PCP and K, cough syrup , less potentwhat else is a really good cough suppressantopiatesDM abuse occurs with whoyoung drug experimentersrecreational use of DM is referred to asrobo-copping, roboing, robo-tripping, b/c Robitussin is one of the main sources of abusemedical dose is what, how much needed to produce an euphoric effect15-30 mg, euphoric effect needs 200 mgdoses at 400 mg and 600 mg produce what400 produce more intense euphoria, vivid, imagination, closed eye hallucinations600 produces strong alterations in consciousness, out of body experiences, and psychotic like reactionsalso some recreational use with over the counter medications, 2 examplesbenadryl (cold medication)Gravol (motion sickness)-if you take enough Gravol you will experience a hallucinogenic effectSalvia divinorum, member of what, also called what, is it illegalmember of the mint family, also called Diviner’s Sage, no its legalnaturally occurring plant substances that are used to produce mystical or religious experience are now commonly calledentheogensmost common method of ingestion ischewing a quid (not effective), smoking a cigarette, or making a teait has a potency roughly equal to whatpsilocybin containing mushroomsactive ingredient is whatsalvinorin A, shown to exert an agonistic action at kappa opioid receptors, produces a hallucinatory effectuse of pure salvinorin A is reported to produce whatvery strong effects, to the point that most users have no desire to use it a secon timesalvia produces CPP in what and CPA in whatCPP in zebra fish and CPA in ratssalvia controlled by what, sold wherecontrolled by Health Canada, sold in convenience storesthujone, where is it founda variety of plants including sage, but most notable in wormwoodwormwood was used to produce whatbecame popular where and whenthe alcoholic drink Absinthe (60-80% alc content)became popular in France in the mid 1800sheavy consumers of Absinthe were noted to do whatact strangely and report hearing voices and seeing thingsthujone is whatan GABA antaognist, and since GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter blocking its action increases neural activity which may produce convulsionsbanned in NA when, but now what1910, but now possible to obtain Absinthe that has a controlled amount of thujoneAbsinthe sometimes called whatGreen Fairy b/c of green liquidcommon method of taking Absinthe is to do whatpour the green liquid into a small, tulip shaped glass, then place a special slotted spoon on the glass and put a sugar cube that has been soaked in Absinthe on it. sugar cube is ignited, burned for awhile and then dropped into the Absinthe and finally water is poured in to douse the flames. showed in what movieJohnny Depp from Hell, he takes opium and AbsintheOscar Wilde characterizes how people feel about Green Fairyafter 1st glass, you see things as you wish they wereafter 2nd, you see them as they are notafter 3rd, you see them as they really are, which is the most horrible thing in the world

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