Kant was a philosopher born in the 16th Century. He developed a deontological, absolute and objective ethical theory focused on the idea of moral law. Kant’s theory uses practical reason and looks at the argument before deciding what to do about the situation. It is described as being a priori and synthetic; this meaning it is knowable without experience and can be proven to be true or false without using experience. His theory basically explained that humans must do their duty, without having to reference it to experience. Kant believed in right and wrong based on reason, he relies on intuitions or facts.
For Kant, practical reason looks at the evidence and the argument, he says it cannot depend on external facts. For freedom, Kant says you must be capable of exercising freedom or autonomy of will. For Kant’s Ethical Theory, only good will counts, he believes it is the starting point for the whole of Ethics. Only good will can be unconditional love. So for his theory, we humans must do our duty, which makes the will good. He says that duty is done for its own sake and not for any kind of benefit to our self. He says we know what is good by using reason. Kant says we have an obligation to do our duty; he calls this the Categorical Imperative.
Kant has 2 categories, hypothetical and categorical imperatives. The hypothetical ones involve achieving specific targets and goals. You have a choice to choose one thing or another; it does not necessarily have to be followed. Kant says you cannot link morality to hypothetical imperatives, only to categorical imperatives. Categorical imperatives are action based commands and do not involve a choice.
Kant believed in right and wrong based on reason, he relies on intuitions or facts. For Kant, practical reason looks at the evidence and the argument, he says it cannot depend on external facts. For freedom, Kant says you must be capable of exercising freedom or autonomy of will. For Kant’s Ethical Theory, only good will counts, he believes it is the starting point for the whole of Ethics. Only good will can be unconditional love. So for his theory, we humans must do our duty, which makes the will good. He says that duty is done for its own sake and not for any kind of benefit to our self.
Kant gives 3 different formulations of the basic moral principle. The first is acting as if you were legislating for everyone. This means that you should considerer whether the thing you want to do, could be made to be a universal principle applicable to all people at all times. Unless you can will that everyone should act this way, it is wrong. You must act as if your laying down a universal law of nature, imagine that your decision was one taken by God. It would affect everyone, so you should treat it as a law for everyone to follow not an exception for yourself.
The second formulation, is act as if your treating people as a means and an end, never only as a means. You must have respect for humanity and never use people in a way that you have no regard for their well being and dignity. An example of this is slavery. You must acknowledge that the person has purposes of their own such as desires and choices, you must always treat a person as an end, however it is not wrong to treat them as a means if they are also an end.
The third formulation is act as if you were a member of a realm of ends, a world where everyone is treated fairly. We should not cheat others and treat them as we would like them to treat us. So every human should treat another as a moral being and pay regard to their choices and decisions. This formulation implies equality for all. Kant’s ethics requires equality and freedom. However this theory has many strong and weak points.
Kant’s theory is straight forward and based on reason. It allows anyone to follow it, and nobody should find difficulty in doing so. It has clear criteria to assess with, rather than for example the hedonic calculus. With Kant, the value of the action comes before the action itself, and these rules apply to everyone. It is about duty, not feeling or inclinations and is therefore the equivalent to the golden rule, do unto others what you would have them do to you. With this theory it leaves no room for human rights to be exploited.
However despite these strengths there are a number of weaknesses; this theory is about the abstract, and cannot be applied to moral situations. Thinking about the result of the action, is an important part of the decision making, so this is a weakness because you cannot always predict the result of your action. This theory also does not help understand the conflict between duties.
In conclusion, I feel Kant’s theory is a clear and well thought out one. Despite its flaws, I believe it is one of the easiest of theories to follow. I believe nobody can be an exception to it and that if everyone followed it, they would produce a world of equality and freedom. This would be a hard rule to enforce though, as some peoples idea of ‘ the right thing’ could be the ‘ wrong’ for others.
