The Sociological ImaginationThe ability to see the relationship between events in your personal life, and events in your society. SociologyThe study of human social life groups, and societies, focusing on the modern world. StructurationThe two-way process by which we shape our social world, and by with we are shaped by society. Macro analysisStudy of large social structures without referring to the interaction of individuals involved. Micro analysisStudy of interactions between individuals. ComteEuropean origin of sociology, founded sociology, decided we need to study; Social static, & social dynamics. MartineauEuropean origin of sociology, feminist theory, rights of women and slaves. (abolitionist)SpencerEuropean origin of sociology, Social darwinism. (biologically inferior or culturally inferior)MarxEuropean origin of sociology, Conflict theory (power struggle) Bourgeoisie & Proletariat. BourgeosieOwns means of production, from Marx. ProletariatSell labor for wages, from Marx. DurkheimEuropean origin of sociology, Functionalism, book on suicide, studied preindustrial social vs. industrial. Mechanical Solidarity vs. Organic solidarity. Mechanical SolidarityPeople are interdependent because they share values. Organic solidarityPeople are interdependent because they rely on each other economically. WeberEuropean origin of sociology, Verstehen, putting yourself in someone else’s shoes. VerstehenEmpathy, putting yourself in some else’s shoes. AddamsAmerican origin of sociology, From Chicago, social activists for poor, immigrants, and elderly. DuboisAmerican origin of sociology, Studied structure of black communities. FunctionalismInvented by Durkheim, Macro; different parts of society are interconnected, just like the human body. So a change in one part will lead to a change in another. Optimistic. Manifest functionIntended and recognized type of function. Latent functionLess recognized type of function. Conflict theoryInvented by Maarx, Macro; society experiences conflict everywhere, power and inequality, very critical. Feminist theoryInvented by Martineau, Macro; Gender inequality is built into social institutions, very critical, focuses on gender. Symbolic InteractionismMicro; interactions between individuals are based on mutually understood symbols. Impression managementAlso known as dramaturgy, Invented by Goffman, we change the way we act based on who we are around. DramaturgyAnother name for Impression management. Challenge, commonly, help, socialThe 2 purposes of Sociological research: 1. To ___________ our __________ held beliefs. 2. To _________ solve ________ problems. ObjectivityWhen scientists analyze their data on the basis of merit and they don’t let their personal biases affect their work. design, theoretical, repeat. Ways to increase objectivity: 1. Carefully _________ our research. 2. State our ____________ perspective. 3. Verifiability – ________ studies. CausationAn event occurs in non-random predictable ways and one event leads to another. HypothesisAn educated guess. CorrelationA change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable. PostiveA _________ correlation changes in the SAME direction. NegativeA __________ correlation changes in opposite directions. SpuriousA relationship is _________ when the relationship is actually caused by a third variable. Multiple causationAn event occurs as a result of several factors acting in combination. ExperimentWhen the researchers tries to control the variables, least common method in sociology. ZimbardoFamous for prison experiment, social scientist. SurveyA questionnaire, most common method in sociology. QUANTITATIVE, uses statistics. SampleCases you draw from the population that you want to study. Field workResearch that takes place in the natural setting. QUALITATIVE, small sample, no statistics. Also known as Ethnography. EthnographyAnother name for field work. Participant observationWhen the researcher becomes a member of the group that they are studying, with or without telling the group. Content analysisExamine the media for messages. EthicsYou do not harm your participants. MilgramDid studies on learning and behavior, (punishment) OBEDIENCE. Shock tests. Approval, consent, debriefWays to practice good ethics: 1. Get _________ for the study from IRB/ Human Subjects committee. 2. Informed ___________, and confidentiality. 2. ________ the participants, show them the results. CultureMaterial objects as well as patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are passed on from generations among member of a society. Material_________ culture is anything you can pick up from your senses. Non-Material_________ culture is beliefs, customs, norms, and values. SocietyPeople living within a defined territory who share a common culture. SociobiologyThe study of the biological basis of human behavior. (Nature vs. Nurture)Cortex, similaritiesSome of the criticisms of Sociobiology include: 1. Cerebral ________- which is the part of the brain that allows for abstract thinking. 2. Trouble explaining cultural diversity; if behavior was strictly defined by NATURE, we would see more ____________ in people. NormativeCulture standards of appropriate behavior. NormsRules that define appropriate and inappropriate behavior. FolkwaysCustomary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that lack moral overtones. MoresNorms of huge moral significance, disapproval if you don’t follow. LawsFormally enforced and defined. SanctionsWays to promote conformity to norms. (rewards, punishments)ValuesGuidelines we claim to accept. CognitiveYour cultures beliefs. Ideal culturePrinciples we say we accept. Real cultureActual behavioral patterns. SubculturesA group thats part of the dominant culture, but differs from it partially. CountercultureA subculture that is deliberately opposed to some aspect of the dominant culture. EthnocentrismWhen you judge others based on your own cultures standards. Cultural relativismBeliefs, values, and norms are not themselves right or wrongs, but rather they should be judges in their own cultures context. Cultural universalsBehaviors that are shared by all known cultures. Cultural particularsWhen cultures so the “ Universals” in different ways. HorticultureTend to develop more permanent societies, involved in primitive agriculture. PastoralRaise animals for meat and milk. AgriculturalCame about with the invention of the plow. Pre-IndustrialHunter-gatherers, Horticulturalists, Pastoralists, and Agriculturalists are all apart of ______________ societies. tech, commercial, structural, secular4 Main shifts to Industrial: 1. Simple _____ to advanced ______. (use once)2. Substinence to ____________. 3. Together to ________ differentiation. 4. Religious to _________. TonniesSAID THAT: Pre-industrial characterized as: Gemeinschaft – Community – characterized by strong family ties and intimate social relationships. Industrial characterized as: Gesellschaft – Society – characterized by weak family ties and less social relationshipsGemeinschaftCommunity – characterized by strong family ties and intimate social relationships, by Tonnies. GesellschaftIndus Society – characterized by weak family ties and less social relationships, by Tonnies. DurkheinSAID THAT: MOPre-industrial characterized as: Mechanical solidarity – people are interdependent because they share values. Industrial characterized as: Organic solidarity – people are interdependent because they rely on each other economically. RedfieldSAID THAT: FUPre-industrial characterized as: Folk societies. Industrial characterized as: Urban societies. SocializationLearning to participate in group life through acquisition of culture. Socialization__________ is required to develop a “ normal” human personality. FunctionalismSocialization is positive because promotes stability and order. Conflict theory view of socializationSocialization can be negative because it tries to keep things the same. CooleyHad the idea of Self-Concept, Looking glass self, and significant others. Self-ConceptSenses of self as an entity separate from other people. Looking-glass selfKids learn to judge themselves in terms of how they imagine others will react to them. Significant othersThe people whose opinion of us matter the most. MeanHad the idea of I and Me, Role-Taking, and generalized other. I and meThe idea the “ I” is the spontaneous and creative par of one’s self. The “ me” is the part of one’s self formed through socialization. Role-TakingTake on the viewpoint of another individual and then you respond to yourself from that imagined viewpoint. Imitation, play, gameHow we learn Role-Taking: 1. ______ stage, younger than 3, kids mimic the behavior of others without comprehending it. 2. _______ stage, between 3 and 6, kids take on the role of an individual one at a time. 3. ________ stage, 7 and up, kids take on the roles of several people at the same time. Generalized otherThe conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of your community or society. (your conscience)Total institutionsPlaces in which residents are separated from the rest of society, cannot come and go freely. DesocializationAbandon your old way of life. (give up old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.)ResocializationAdopt a new way of life. (adopt new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.)Anticipatory socializationPreparing yourself to learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. Agents of socializationThings that significantly influence you. StatusesA position that you occupy in the social structure. Ascribed statusesStatuses assigned at birth. Achieved statusesStatuses you earn in your lifetime. Status setall of your statuses you occupy. Master statusesThe statuses that influence most areas of your life. RoleRights and obligations attached to statuses. Role ConflictWhen you are stressed out because the roles of one status clash another’s. Role StrainWhen you are stressed out because of ones statuses role. Prioritize, Delegate. Ways of handling conflict and strain: 1. __________ roles. 2. __________ roles. (give work to others)GlobalizationThe growth of world interdependence. TriangulationTo combine several research methods in a single piece of research, using each to supplement and check on the others. Linguistic relativity hypothesisArgues that language influences our perception of the world.
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