Child development theorists

EriksonBelieved:
Children’s personalities develop in response to their social environment
At each stage, a person faces certain conflicts and challengesEriksonBelieved that children developed in 8 stages:
trust vs. mistrust: Birth -18 months; strength is Hope
autonomy vs. shame and doubt: 18 months – 3 years; strength is Willpower
initiative vs. guilt: 3 – 5 years; strength is Purpose
industry vs. inferiority: 6 – 12 years; strength is Competence ONCHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORISTS SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowPiagetBelieved:
Children learn to master one skill before another
Children learn in their own ways
Children do not learn as adults doStages of Piaget’s cognitive development -Sensorimotor stage: Birth to two years
Preoperational stage: Two to seven years
Concrete operations stage: Seven to eleven years
Formal operations stage: Eleven years to adulthoodPreoperational stage (#2 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Basic mental operations start replacing sensorimotor activities as the primary way to learnFormal operations stage (#4 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Children can think through complex problems, find several solutions, and choose the most logical one; Children can think in abstract waysSensorimotor stage (#1 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Children learn about the world through their senses and body movementsSensorimotor stage (#1 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Children learn that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight in this stage (object permanence)Preoperational stage (#2 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Children learn mostly by language and mental imagesPreoperational stage (#2 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Children use feelings to solve problemsConcrete operations stage (#3 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Children learn to solve more complex problems using basic knowledge. Formal operations stage (#4 Piaget’s cognitive stages of development)Young people can think in purely abstract ways without concrete examples, becoming skilled in problem solving and reasoningAccommodation (Piaget’s term)Creating new categories. Assimilation (Piaget’s term)Fitting information into categories. Equilibrium (Piaget’s term)Balance between assimilation and accommodationVygotskyChildren learn through social and cultural experiences
Language plays a key role in cognitive development
Learning is not limited by stage or maturationPrivate talk (Vygotsky’s term)Self talk that helps children to guide their activity and develop their thinkingZone of proximal development (Vygotsky’s term)The gap between what a child can do independently and what he can’t do even with assistance. Scaffolding (Vygotsky’s term)Assistance of an adult on tasks the child cannot accomplish alone but can accomplish with helpGardnerDeveloped multiple intelligences theoryGardner’s theory of multiple intelligences: Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence: Music smart
Visual-Spatial Intelligence: Picture smart
Naturalist Intelligence: Nature smart
Interpersonal Intelligence: People smart
Intrapersonal Intelligence: Self smart
Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence: Body smart
Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence: Word smart
Logical-mathematical Intelligence: Logic smartConstructionist TheoryChildren learn by constructing their own understanding while interacting with the environment.