What is Social Learning TheoryBandura’s theory – Emphasizes learning though observation of othersWhat is Social Cognitive TheoryEvolution of Bandura’s theory – Similar to learning theory however adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self perception, and expectations which helps explain things like motivation ONCHAPTER 9 – SOCIAL COGNITIVE & CONSTRUCTIVIST VIEWS OF LEARNING SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowWhat is Enactive & Vicarious learning?
What is the difference between Enactive learning and operant conditioning? Enactive = Learning by doing and experiencing consequences
Vicarious = Observing others and learning from their experiences
Operant conditioning = reinforces strengthen behavior, Enactive learning focuses on consequences as providing information to form new motivations/beliefs etc
Social cognitive theory – What is the 3 factor model called and what does it consist of/meanTriadic Reciprocal Causation
Mutual interaction of three factors to influence learning
Environemntal + Personal + Behavioural4x Elements in Observational LearningAttention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation & reinforcementWhat is vicarious reinforcementA change in behaviour due to observing consequences of performance of others6x Factors that affect observational learningDevelopmental status (age etc)
Model prestige & competence
Vicarious consequences
Outcome expectations
Personal Goals (if behaviour relates to personal goal more likely to be learned)
Self efficacyExplain ConstructivismView that emphasises the active role of the learner in building/understanding new information3x Ideas of how knowledge is constructedExternal Factors = Realities in the external world direct knowledge construction (IPS)
Internal Factors = New knowledge is abstracted from old knowledge in cognitive activity – such as Piaget’s focus on origination assimilation and accommodation
Mixture of Internal + External = Reflects the outside world but filtered though culture, language, prior knowledge, beliefs etc eg Vygotsky’s sociocultural model
What is meant by situated learning? The idea that skills and knowledge are tied to the situation in which they were learned and difficult to apply to new settingsThough constructivist perspectives differ – what are five areas of general agreement recommended to educators?- Embed learning in complex, realistic, relevant environments
– Social negotiation & shared responsibility should be taught
– Support multiple perspectives & use multiple representations of content
– Nurture self awareness and the understanding that knowledge is constructed
– Encourage ownership in learningDescribe inquiry learningApproach to teaching/learning where teacher helps student to identify questions in an area and then students explore these by gathering data and testing their conclusions6 stages to inquiry approach learning1. Engaging & tuning in
2. Finding out (resources)
3. Sorting out (evaluating info)
4. Drawing conclusions
5. Communicating learning
6. Taking actions (relate information to real life + future learning)Describe problem based learningApproach that provides students with realistic problems that don’t necessarily have ‘right’ answers5 stages in problem based learning1. Teacher orients students to the problem
2. Help to organize study approach
3. Assist independent/group investigation
4. Develop and present artifacts and exhibits
5. Analyse and evaluate the problem solving processWhat is meant by ‘cognitive apprenticeship’ + 5 stepsRelationship where a less experiences learner is guided by an expert.
Observe expert and model + get coaching & scaffolding + student articulates newly learned knowledge + reflect on progress + explore ways to apply learningHow can a teacher support learning in playEither planned or as a response to a spontaneous event >> instruction, questioning, shared thinking, and joining in as a play partner. Play is a good opportunity to teach at the level the student is atWhat is enculturation? Creating a culture of inquizivity, learning, questioning in the classroom – Making learning visibleDifference between cooperation and collaboration in group work and reasons why collaboration is encouragedCooperation – Focuses on group members working toward shared goals.
Collaboration – More complex form a group work that involves participation and discussion between all group members. << Helps develop critical thinking skills, teamwork, etc Different learning theories agree for different reasons eg IPS - aids in elabouration/rehersal, Vygotsky = Social construction of knowledge gets internalized, Piaget = Can create cognitive conflict and aid cognitive growth5 elements that define effective learning groups1)Face to face interaction
2)Positive interdependence
3)Individual accountability
4)Interpersonal and smallgroup collaborative skills
5)Group processingBest size groups for rehersal and best for participationRehersal = 4-6
Participation = 2-4Suggestions of roles in learning groupsEncourager
Praiser/Cheerleader
Gate Keeper (makes sure everyone gets = say)
Coach
Question commander (makes sure everyone gets Qs answered)
Checker (checks understanding)
Taskmaster
Recorder
Reflector
Quiet Captain
Materials monitor
NOTE: During group presentations can give roles to listeners to ensure they are paying attn
Groupwork strategies
Jigsaw
Reciprocal Questioning
Structured controversyJigsaw – Each person responsible for teaching other members one section of material.
Reciprocal Questioning – After a lesson, get into small groups and ask & answer eachothers question stems.
Structured controversy – Like a set up debate but not infront of people and have to argue one side then another, in pairs and groups of four. Describe three kinds of ConrtsuctivismPsychological Constructivists (piaget)
Social Constructivists (vygotsky)
Constructionists (interested in how public knowledge is constructed and communicated with other sociacultural groups)