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Chapter 5 understanding students with learning disabilities

Specific learning disabilitya disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding and using language, spoken, or written language. Specific learning disability may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to: listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations ONCHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder Nowinclusionary standardnote areas affectedexclusionary standardit does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of VISUAL, HEARING, or MOTOR disabilities, or the result of mental retardation, emotional disturbance, or environmental, CULTURAL, or economic disadvantagereading: difficulty with decoding words, comprehending text, speech, and fluencyWhat are the Academic Achievement Characteristics? reading, written language, mathematics, memory, executive functioningwhat is executive functioning? metacognition & being organized, engaging in future planning, and solving problemssocial, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of learning disabilities: self-concept, negative emotions, perceiving feelings & emotions, finding solutions to social dilemmas, & interpersonal skillsneurological mechanisms: brain abnormalities foundgenetics: strong evidenceenvironmental causes: teratogens2 types of intelligence tests: bell curve & WISC-IVachievement test: WIAT-IIEven with two different scores, evaluators can directly compare a student’s IQ and achievement scores by these discrepancy tests: aptitude-achievement, intra-cognitive & intra-achievementResponse to Intervention (RTI): a PROBLEM-SOLVING approach that involves multiple TIERS of increasingly intense, RESEARCH-BASED interventions matched to student’s needsHow is RTI organized? What is the 3-tier approach? enrichment activities, strategic programs, intensive interventionexplicit instruction: involves the systemic teaching of critical skills that enable the student to be more successful in mastering a subjectintensive instruction: involves a higher frequency of instructional opportunities than is typically provided in general education classsroomssupportive instruction: involves more precise scaffolding in order to sequence skills and provide more precise prompts to use necessary learning strategiesphonological processing: the capacity to use our sound system of language to process oral and written informationcurriculum mapping: determining supplementary aids & serviceshow do educators collect information about each teacher’s curriculum? using school calendar as an organizeradvance organizers: presentation of information before students begin to learn it4 types of graphic organizers: lesson, chapter survey routines, unit organizers, & course organizersELO: Embedded Learning Opportunities2 types of learning strategies: acquiring strategies & storing information and remembering

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