1,584
8
Essay, 18 pages (4500 words)

Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics

Contents

  • 6. 61 %

While certain human-centered and substructure constituents will be phasing out in 2008-2009, UN remains committed to longer-term recovery in the Aceh state. The UN must go on its attempts, non merely in physical Reconstruction, but besides in the recovery of regulative and societal substructure – including by advancing sustainable, demand-driven appraisals and support to put the foundation for administration, regulation of jurisprudence, decentalisation and economic development.

UN Agencies will stay in Sri Lanka to turn to the human-centered demands related to the current struggle. UN phased-out Tsunami-related activities in the Maldives in mid-2006.

Challenges and accomplishments

Internally Displaced Persons

Accomplishments: Of the 10s of 1000s displaced to impermanent life shelters in and around Banda Aceh at the start of 2004, many have returned or been assisted to turn up to freshly constructed but non occupied houses in the country until their designated permanent houses are ready.

Staying challenges

The UN must work to guarantee that these donees remain accounted for and their voices heard in the return and relocation procedure.

There has been some political force per unit area to shut the barracks by June this twelvemonth which would hold necessitated the physical remotion of IDPs from the sites. Against this force per unit area, BRR manager Pak Kuntoro extended the deadline for IDP Centres until April 2008, pending an appraisal of IDPs in the shelters at that clip.

Holistic attack to longer-term recovery

Accomplishments: UN has strived to include the entirety of the deprived population, non merely those affected by the tsunami in recovery attempts. This is in line with UN Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, Bill Clinton ‘ s definition of tsunami-affected populations as including conflict-affected victims as good. UN has tackled recovery needs off from the seashore.

At the petition of the Governor of Aceh and BRR Director, the Office of the UN Recovery Coordinator ( UNORC ) , serves as international co-chair to the authorities for the Aceh Recovery Framework ( ARF ) , a comprehensive medium-term recovery and development model for Aceh from 2008-2011. The model links the peace procedure to economic development

UNORC ‘ s Information Analysis Section is bring forthing indexs relevant to post-tsunami and post-conflict challenges

On the district-level, UN has responded to petitions from the democratically-elected district-heads ( Bupatis ) for participatory platforms to convene all relevant stakeholders for strategic planning, coordination and inadvertence intents. These Kabupaten/Kota Recovery Forums ( KRFs ) consist of representatives from civil society, the private sector, former battlers associations and local and international spouses.

Staying challenges

Recovery in Aceh is complicated by the fact that it is both a post-disaster and post-conflict state of affairs – non merely must houses, schools and infirmaries be built ; peace must be every bit good. To be sustainable, the significant recovery attempts must interpret into a feasible dividend for all citizens.

Aceh has a significant population affected by the 30 twelvemonth old struggle. Their recovery and rehabilitation demands must non be ignored by international givers. The Aceh Reintegration Bureau, Badan Reintegrasi-Damai Aceh ( BRA ) , needs our support in beef uping the peace.

Credible information

Accomplishments: UN continues to bring forth the important Tsunami Recovery Indicator Package ( TRIP ) study ( in pursuit the TRIAMS enterprise of the UN and IFRC ) which analyses accomplishments to day of the month and staying challenges. UNORC IAS ( replacement of OCHA managed HIC ) has assisted in the Indonesian Department of Health ‘ s National Health and Education study – DHS in Aceh and Nias.

Staying challenges

Given the gait of the Reconstruction, and old ages of instability, dependable statistics and appraisals are hard to come by.

Existing informations offers small disaggregation of work forces and adult females

Statistical informations emanates from a figure of different beginnings doing collection of information time-consuming

Early-Warning System / Preparedness

Given Aceh ‘ s location on the Sumatran mistake line, the menace of temblors and smaller tsunamis remains existent.

Early-warning systems and a higher degree of readiness are both steps that may cut down the impact of a catastrophe. As such, they have been high on the docket of the UN and recovery stakeholders:

Catastrophe Risk Reduction plans have been initiated in schools across Aceh and a figure of wireless plans devoted to the issue have been broadcasted

UN has worked closely with provincial and national bureaus on catastrophe direction statute law and in circulating best-practices

UNDP ‘ s Emergency Response and Transitional Recovery undertaking has given proficient preparation on tsunami warning to geophysical and meteoric experts in authorities.

Aceh and Nias late celebrated the International Day of Disaster Risk Reduction for a hebdomad. The subject was “ Disaster Risk Reduction Begins at School ”

UNESCO ‘ s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ( IOC ) established the Tsunami Information Centre in Jakarta. ( Jakarta – Tsunami Information Centre / JTIC ) . The aim of the Centre is to increase and beef up community consciousness and readiness about Tsunami jeopardy and to help the development of the Tsunami Early Warning System in Indonesia ( Ina TEWS ) through information Service.

As portion of the Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting ( DART ) II, Indonesia launched its first “ tsunameter ” buoy this past September. The DART buoy will supply real-time tsunami sensing informations which can be freely shared by all states to utilize as portion of their sensing and early-warning systems, and potentially assist salvage Indonesian lives in the event of a tsunami.

Tsunami flight paths have been reconstructed in bad countries

Banda Aceh, the provincial capital, has installed a system of early warning Sirens

Note: These have been the topic of some contention, since they were tested by local governments without informing the populace, ensuing in a fleeting terror in the streets.

Local response capacity is an issue of concern. The Indonesia agency charged with provincial catastrophe response – Satkorlak – lost a big figure of experts to the tsunami.

Aceh is affected annually by major inundations. These hold Reconstruction and recovery attempts, destroy substructure, isolate small towns, block roads and regularly displace big figure of people. The international recovery community must be able to react to these localized crises while maintaining their ‘ eye on the ball ‘ for the larger-scale recovery. As such, the Office of the UN Recovery Coordinator for Aceh and Nias ( UNORC ) is back uping the Governor of Aceh in his enterprises for making a inundation alleviation database detailing the deployable assets of all international organisations and bureaus runing in the state.

Difficult/Controversial issues

High rate of vacancy in freshly built houses

UNHABITAT estimates that 80 % of freshly built houses are occupied but in certain communities vacancy rates are really high ( 80 % )

To corroborate these estimations and to seek out reasons/root causes of vacancies BRR is taking a series of appraisals to extensive audit and analyse the lodging sector. The chief constituent, the Housing Audit and Analysis Project ( HAAP ) , seeks to comprehensively account for vacancy, conduct quality appraisals and associate donees to houses in a systematic manner.

In the interim, some of the grounds may be:

Aceh is a communal civilization. This means that in some instances, people may wait to travel into their house until they have married. Five unmarried mans may populate in the same house and merely get down populating their ain edifice once they have found a spouse.

Beneficiaries may be populating with household members and/or are excessively immature to busy the house

Beneficiaries may be working abroad/ in Indonesia off from Aceh to salvage up money for an eventual move-in

Some houses are of unequal quality. While there has ever been a edifice codification, given the exigency, in the early stages certain houses may hold been built by contractors of less-than-optimal capacity

Some vicinities with new houses offer deficient installations – non near adequate to schools, mosques, etc. There is a difference between edifice houses and constructing a colony. Indonesian authorities is cognizant of this as mentioned during Pak Kuntoro Mangkusubroto ‘ s meeting with the ERC in November.

Corruptness

An April 2005 study by the Office of Internal Oversight has been quoted in regional imperativeness recently, with allegations of ‘ pilfering ‘ of close to $ 500 million tsunami financess.

The study itself spoke merely of ‘ estimated theoretical losingss and hazards ‘ .

The study was created early on in the procedure and was, possibly, utile in specifying the range of farther audits. These ulterior audits – such as the monolithic Tsunami Evaluation Coalition ( TEC ) Report, which took 140 different audits into history – have found no grounds of large-scale fraud.

UN and the Indonesian Government have besides supported legion INTOSAI ( International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions ) missions to Aceh, and go on to endeavor for a Reconstruction procedure which is crystalline and unfastened. As such, the UN in Aceh and the BRR, have welcomed any and all studies and audits.

Essential Background for USG

BCC Interview “ Tsunami – three old ages on ”

19 December 2007

The temblor

The 2004 Indian Ocean temblor ( besides known as the Asian Tsunami and the Boxing Day Tsunami ) was caused an submarine temblor that occurred at 8am local clip on December 26, 2004. The epicenter was located 100km off the west seashore of Sumatra, Indonesia. As the temblor was really deep ( 30A kilometer ( 19A myocardial infarction ) below average sea degree ) , it caused extended H2O motion and triggered a series of Tsunami.

With a magnitude of between 9. 1 and 9. 3, it is the largest temblor since 1964[ 1 ]and 2nd largest temblor of all time recorded on a seismograph. This temblor had the longest continuance of blaming of all time observed, between 8. 3 and 10 proceedingss.

This was the 9th deadliest natural catastrophe in modern history. The energy released on the Earth ‘ s surface merely is tantamount to over 1502 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The entire energy of the temblor equaled to 550 million times that of the Hiroshima bomb.

The tsunami occurred precisely one twelvemonth after the 2003 Bam temblor ( 26, 271 deceases ) and precisely two old ages before the 2006 temblor South of Taiwan ( 7. 1 – 7. 2 magnitude ) .

The temblor itself ( apart from the tsunami ) was felt as far off as Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore and the Maldives. Indonesia lies between the Pacific Ring of Fire along the north-eastern islands next to and including New Guinea.

Tsunami

The temblor triggered a series of lay waste toing tsunamis along the seashores of most land masss surrounding the Indian Ocean, killing more than 225, 000 people in 11 states, and deluging coastal communities with moving ridges up to 30A m ( 100A foot ) . Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and Myanmar were hardest hit.

The motion of tectonic home bases during the temblor caused the sea bed to lift by several meters, displacing an estimated 30A kmA? ( 7A copper myocardial infarction ) of H2O and triping lay waste toing tsunami moving ridges. The moving ridges did non arise from a point beginning, as was inaccurately depicted in some illustrations of their waies of travel, but instead radiated outwards along the full 1, 600A kilometer ( 994A myocardial infarction ) length of the rupture ( moving as a line beginning ) . This greatly increased the geographical country over which the moving ridges were observed, making every bit far as Mexico, Chile and the Arctic.

In the deep ocean, the tsunami moving ridge was comparatively little ( the upper limit tallness was 60 centimeter / 2 foot ) but propagated as the velocity of 500 to 1, 000A kilometers per hours ( 310 to 620A miles per hour ) ; in shallow H2O near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to merely 10s of kilometers an hr but in making so forms big destructive moving ridges.

Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anyplace from 15 proceedingss to seven hours ( for Somalia ) to make the assorted coastlines. Aceh was hit really rapidly, while Sri Lanka and the east seashore of India were hit approximately 90A proceedingss to two hours subsequently. Thailand was besides struck about two hours subsequently despite being closer to the epicenter, because the tsunami travelled more easy in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western seashore.

In Aceh ( Indonesia ) the moving ridge reached a tallness of 24A m when coming ashore along big stretches of the coastline, lifting to 30A m ( 100A foot ) in some countries when going inland. In many topographic points the moving ridges reached every bit far as 2A kilometer ( 1. 24A myocardial infarction ) inland.

The tsunami was a sequence of several moving ridges, happening in retreat and rise rhythms with a period of over 30 proceedingss between each extremum. The 3rd moving ridge was the most powerful and reached highest, happening about an hr and a half after the first moving ridge. Smaller tsunamis continued to happen for the remainder of the twenty-four hours.

Because the 1, 600A kilometer ( 994A myocardial infarction ) mistake affected by the temblor was in a about north-south orientation, the greatest strength of the tsunami moving ridges was in an east-west way. Bangladesh, which lies at the northern terminal of the Bay of Bengal, had really few casualties despite being a low-lying state comparatively near the epicentre. It besides benefited from the fact that the temblor proceeded more easy in the northern rupture zone, greatly cut downing the energy of the H2O supplantings in that part.

Distance entirely is no warrant of safety ; Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther off. The tsunami moving ridge has diffracted around land masss and affected western seashore of India ( Kerala province ) , every bit good as the western seashore of Sri Lanka.

Tsunami warning marks

Despite a slowdown of up to several hours between the temblor and the impact of the tsunami, about all of the victims were taken wholly by surprise. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to observe tsunamis or to warn the general public populating around the ocean.

Tsunamis are much more frequent in the Pacific Ocean because of temblors in the “ Ring of Fire ” , and an effectual tsunami warning system has long been in topographic point at that place.

The usual warning mark of the Tsunami is a ) the temblor itself, B ) impermanent backdown of the sea H2O from the seashore, exposing the ocean floor. Around the Indian Ocean, this rare sight reportedly induced people, particularly kids, to see the seashore to look into and roll up isolated fish on every bit much as 2. 5A kilometer ( 1. 6A myocardial infarction ) of exposed beach, with fatal consequences.

One of the few coastal countries to evacuate in front of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of Simeulue, really near to the epicenter. Island folklore recounted an temblor and tsunami in 1907, and the island-dwellers fled to inland hills after the initial shaking yet before the tsunami struck.

On Maikhao beach in northern Phuket, Thailand, a 10-year-old British tourer named Tilly Smith had studied tsunami in geographics category at school and recognised the warning marks of the withdrawing ocean and frothing bubbles. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely. John Chroston, a biological science instructor from Scotland, besides recognised the marks at Kamala Bay North of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationists and locals to safety on higher land.

Damage and casulaties

Harmonizing to the UN figures, the Indian Ocean Tsunami killed 229, 866 people. 42, 883 remain losing. Measured in lives lost, this is one of the 10 worst temblors in recorded history, every bit good as the individual worst tsunami in history.

Relief bureaus report that tierce of the dead appear to be kids due to the high proportion of kids in the populations of many of the affected parts and because kids were the least able to defy being overcome by the billowing Waterss. Harmonizing to Oxfam, every bit many as four times more adult females than work forces were killed in some parts because they were waiting on the beach for the fishermen to return and looking after their kids in the houses. Up to 9, 000 foreign tourers were among the dead or losing, including over 500 citizens of Sweden and Germany.

States of exigency were declared in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives.

Aid

Harmonizing to FTS the entire human-centered support in response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami was USD 6, 2 billion ( USD 6, 224, 774, 382 )

The UN Flash Appeal issued on 6 January 2005 requested USD 1, 4 billion and raised 1, 25 million ( 88 % ) .

In contrast to other entreaties, the largest part came from private beginnings ( persons and organisations ) – over USD 375 million ( 30. 2 % of entire support ) . Japan was the largest state giver to the Flash Appeal with USD 228 million ( 18. 4 % of the support ) .

Key lessons learned from OCHA-organized lessons learned workshops ( 2005 ) :

The exceeding nature of the tsunami catastrophe was highlighted. Such an event was acknowledged to be highly rare in the part ( NOTE i? EARLIER WE SAY IT SITS ON THE ‘ RING OF FIRE ‘ ) , which mostly explains why no comprehensive early warning systems were in topographic point. The extraordinary graduated table of the catastrophe helps to explicate many initial response troubles experienced in the affected states ; no state, it was recognized, was prepared for a calamity of such a range. The catastrophe shed visible radiation on the defects of bing readiness systems, underlining the demand for their important sweetening.

The degree of hazard consciousness among the population was really low. This was identified as one of the chief grounds for the high decease toll. In a few instances, peculiarly in Indonesia and Thailand, stray communities had retained an hereditary memory of similar catastrophes and had fled to higher evidences when alerted by the initial shudders, exemplifying the effectivity of hazard consciousness in cut downing the human cost of catastrophes.

Amid the heartache over the extent of decease and desolation brought approximately by the tsunami, there was besides a sense of satisfaction for the overall result of the alleviation operation. Affected populations in many countries fleetly received basic exigency aid, while wellness attention intercessions notably minimized secondary loss of life and averted large-scale epidemics.

As is the instance in the wake of any catastrophe, the affected communities themselves were the first and primary histrions in the early alleviation attempts. However, it was recognized that these communities were non systematically consulted on of import facets of the alleviation and recovery work one time organized national and international alleviation operations got under manner. Their engagement in needs appraisals, planning and execution of exigency aid plans was non prioritized, although it should hold been.

The province of catastrophe readiness in the affected states prior to the tsunami was uneven. Whilst some states benefited from a clear legal model and institutional apparatus, the apparatus in others appeared weaker, with some confusion ( particularly in the early yearss of the response attempt ) in lines of communicating every bit good as sing bid and control. Often new, ad hoc statute law was passed and new establishments created specifically in response to the catastrophe, farther intensifying the bing confusion in functions and duties. Coordination within the authorities at both the horizontal degree ( among different establishments ) and the perpendicular degree ( between cardinal and peripheral organic structures ) was frequently unequal. Allotment of resources for catastrophe direction, or the ability to pay out financess at the appropriate degree in the disposal, appeared in some instances debatable. It should be noted nevertheless that all the states affected by the tsunami are presently in the procedure of turn toing some of the legal and institutional failings that emerged during the response stage.

It was recognized that the armed forcess of the affected states played a critical function in the immediate wake of the catastrophe. Bing the first on the land to help communities, they rapidly provided security, logistics support, communications, and delivered big measures of alleviation supplies. In several cases, nevertheless, the military were badly stretched in their capacity to help, partially because they had an deficient sum of cardinal assets, such as agencies of transit, and partially because their assets and forces had besides been affected by the catastrophe. The passage from military to civilian control of the alleviation operations was considered satisfactory.

The by and large first-class cooperation between national and international military forces was highlighted. It was noted, nevertheless, that in some instances the deficiency of position of forces understandings ( SOFA ) constrained the range of the aid provided by the foreign military.

Civil society organisations ( NGOs, spiritual and other community organisations every bit good as – notably – national Red Cross/Red Crescent societies ) were hailed for their extraordinary part to the alleviation and early recovery attempts. Such organisations, nevertheless, did non look to be consistently included in the catastrophe direction programs of the affected states.

The degree of engagement of private concerns – both local and international – in the alleviation attempt was unprecedented. Businesss contributed non merely financially, but besides through in-kind contributions, thereby assisting make full some critical spreads.

While the high degree of international involvement in this catastrophe led to the proviso of monolithic sums of much-needed alleviation supplies, it besides contributed to worsening many jobs traditionally experienced during large-scale catastrophes that receive high degrees of media attending. Numerous “ sympathizers ” arrived in the affected countries with or without resources, many without appropriate experience in working in catastrophe state of affairss. The coordination and direction of these unthreatening persons and organisations placed farther strain on local and national governments. Furthermore, it was suggested that many less experient histrions did non follow established criterions and guidelines on the proviso of human-centered aid, raising serious answerability concerns. Some histrions engaged in culturally inappropriate behaviour that could be considered damaging to the self-respect of the victims. Last, the inauspicious impact of big measures of unasked, inappropriate contributions from private citizens, non-governmental organisations and even foreign authoritiess was highlighted.

The really big figure of frequently diverse histrions created acute coordination challenges, peculiarly during the first hebdomads of the response stage. Local governments, who were in charge of directing the alleviation attempts, were frequently weakened by terrible human and material losingss, and at times had to get by with ill-defined coverage lines and intervention from assorted authorities organic structures. Many non-governmental histrions, who had small or no experience in human-centered alleviation, were unwilling or unaware of the demand to organize with other spouses. In some instances, the really high budgets at the disposal of some NGOs acted as a deterrence to coordinated action. Even big international organisations with a long history of engagement in human-centered operations, at times took enterprises without anterior audience with other spouses, and in some instances bypassed the authorities. At the same clip, it was recognized that some of the coordination mechanisms that were put in topographic point were dysfunctional, which encouraged some histrions to work independently.

On an operational degree, the demand for better information direction was highlighted. This concerned the assemblage of information on amendss and demands, the sharing of information about ongoing and planned programmes among all histrions, and the airing of information about the alleviation operation to the affected populations. Most states experienced terrible logistics and transit challenges, as the tsunami affected a really big country and crippled already weak route and airdrome substructures. Telecommunications were besides debatable, as radio telephone webs – every bit good as many land lines – instantly went out of order and national and international histrions had to trust on shortwave wirelesss. The important function played in many cases by local wireless amateurs was acknowledged.

State where

deceases occurred

Deaths

Injured

Missing

Displaced

Confirmed

Estimated1

Indonesia ( SEE INFO ON NEXT PAGE )

130, 736

167, 736

37, 063

500, 000+

Sri Lanka2

35, 322

35, 322

21, 411

516, 150

India

12, 405

18, 045

5, 640

647, 599

Siam

5, 3953

8, 212

8, 457

2, 817

7, 000

Somalia

78

289

5, 000

Myanmar ( Burma )

61

400-600

45

200

3, 200

Maldives

82

108

26

15, 000+

Malaya

68

75

299

6

Tanzania

10

13

Seychelles

3

3

57

200

Bangladesh

2

2

South Africa

24

2

Yemen

2

2

Kenya

1

1

2

Malagasy republic

1, 000+

Entire

~184, 168

~230, 210

~125, 000

~45, 752

~1. 69 million

edit

Table 1: Construction of the catastrophe impact degree index by district/municipality for NAD and Nias Islands

District

Population ( 2005 )

Tsunami/ Earthquake Impact

A

Dead/ Missing

Degree of devastation in Family Housing

Integrated data processing

Impact Level

Nitrogen

%

Not

Low

Master of education

High

Entire

Impact

Nitrogen

%

Burdening

X 3

X 2

X 3

SABANG

28, 597

133

0. 46 %

5, 955

443

194

58

6, 650

7. 56 %

2, 054

7. 18 %

3. 23 %

BANDA ACEH

177, 881

15, 394

7. 96 %

23, 645

7, 011

2, 509

682

33, 847

20. 79 %

23, 670

13. 31 %

11. 60 %

ACEH BESAR

296, 541

107, 342

26. 58 %

49, 743

2, 701

1, 904

954

55, 302

8. 47 %

44, 232

14. 92 %

20. 62 %

PIDIE

474, 359

5, 278

1. 10 %

102, 160

4, 353

1, 729

608

108, 850

4. 43 %

19, 539

4. 12 %

2. 37 %

BIREUEN

351, 835

519

0. 15 %

64, 153

7, 623

2, 426

330

74, 532

9. 03 %

9, 685

2. 75 %

2. 45 %

ACEH UTARA

493, 670

2, 316

0. 47 %

94, 791

8, 273

2, 068

1, 423

106, 555

7. 83 %

8, 583

1. 74 %

2. 19 %

LHOKSUMAWE

154, 634

200

0. 13 %

30, 366

1, 901

526

25

32, 818

4. 61 %

2, 476

1. 60 %

1. 32 %

ACEH TIMUR

304, 643

52

0. 02 %

61, 099

1, 447

1, 394

13

63, 953

3. 34 %

1, 399

0. 46 %

0. 77 %

LANGSA

137, 586

A

0. 00 %

27, 642

196

247

2

28, 087

1. 24 %

1, 059

0. 77 %

0. 40 %

ACEH TAMIANG

235, 314

A

0. 00 %

50, 006

1, 084

256

1

51, 347

1. 56 %

330

0. 14 %

0. 34 %

ACEH TENGAH

160, 549

A

0. 00 %

36, 263

524

262

A

37, 049

1. 41 %

519

0. 32 %

0. 35 %

BENER MERIAH

106, 148

A

0. 00 %

24, 356

415

196

5

24, 972

1. 65 %

320

0. 30 %

0. 39 %

GAYO LUES

72, 045

A

0. 00 %

15, 805

21

82

A

15, 908

0. 58 %

94

0. 13 %

0. 14 %

ACEH TENGGARA

169, 053

A

0. 00 %

35, 639

214

483

28

36, 364

1. 74 %

302

0. 18 %

0. 38 %

ACEH JAYA

60, 660

16, 874

21. 76 %

7, 407

733

438

545

9, 123

17. 78 %

26, 051

42. 95 %

25. 20 %

ACEH BARAT

150, 450

13, 785

8. 39 %

22, 330

4, 692

2, 298

1, 043

30, 363

20. 45 %

27, 955

18. 58 %

12. 84 %

NAGAN RAYA

123, 743

1, 942

1. 55 %

21, 833

5, 236

1, 640

423

29, 132

16. 79 %

6, 305

5. 10 %

5. 30 %

ACEH BARAT DAYA

115, 676

3

0. 00 %

21, 668

2, 068

855

53

24, 664

7. 98 %

2, 141

1. 85 %

1. 97 %

ACEH SELATAN

191, 539

2, 652

1. 37 %

34, 696

5, 117

1, 475

43

41, 331

9. 92 %

4, 531

2. 37 %

3. 28 %

ACEH SINGKIL

148, 277

26

0. 02 %

23, 757

5, 972

1, 564

114

31, 407

15. 03 %

7, 091

4. 78 %

3. 97 %

SIMEULUE

78, 389

45

0. 06 %

4, 403

6, 573

4, 214

1, 397

16, 587

57. 85 %

15, 481

19. 75 %

15. 55 %

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

4, 031, 589

166, 561

3. 97 %

757, 717

66, 597

26, 760

7, 747

858, 841

8. 35 %

203, 817

5. 06 %

5. 06 %

NIAS

441, 832

802

0. 18 %

14, 983

36, 505

22, 554

7, 200

81, 242

36. 62 %

33, 325

7. 54 %

8. 94 %

NIAS SELATAN

270, 243

177

0. 07 %

11, 696

20, 873

14, 536

2, 870

49, 975

34. 83 %

13, 730

5. 08 %

8. 02 %

Entire Nias

712, 075

979

0. 14 %

26, 679

57, 378

37, 090

10, 070

131, 217

35. 94 %

47, 055

6. 61 %

8. 59 %

Beginning: BPS, SPAN 2005, BRR ; impact degree calculated as: ( dad % casualties*3+HH % weighted lodging impact+pop % IDP ) /5

Thank's for Your Vote!
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 1
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 2
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 3
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 4
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 5
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 6
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 7
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 8
Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Page 9

This work, titled "Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics" was written and willingly shared by a fellow student. This sample can be utilized as a research and reference resource to aid in the writing of your own work. Any use of the work that does not include an appropriate citation is banned.

If you are the owner of this work and don’t want it to be published on AssignBuster, request its removal.

Request Removal
Cite this Essay

References

AssignBuster. (2022) 'Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics'. 1 October.

Reference

AssignBuster. (2022, October 1). Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics. Retrieved from https://assignbuster.com/biggest-civilian-reconstruction-effort-since-world-war-ii-economics/

References

AssignBuster. 2022. "Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics." October 1, 2022. https://assignbuster.com/biggest-civilian-reconstruction-effort-since-world-war-ii-economics/.

1. AssignBuster. "Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics." October 1, 2022. https://assignbuster.com/biggest-civilian-reconstruction-effort-since-world-war-ii-economics/.


Bibliography


AssignBuster. "Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics." October 1, 2022. https://assignbuster.com/biggest-civilian-reconstruction-effort-since-world-war-ii-economics/.

Work Cited

"Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics." AssignBuster, 1 Oct. 2022, assignbuster.com/biggest-civilian-reconstruction-effort-since-world-war-ii-economics/.

Get in Touch

Please, let us know if you have any ideas on improving Biggest civilian reconstruction effort since world war ii economics, or our service. We will be happy to hear what you think: [email protected]