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Aristagoras of miletus essay

Everyone makes mistakes by saying hurtful things without considering the possible reaction of the other person or resulting consequences if the criticism reaches that individual. In most cases, the prudent thing to do is to remain quiet, keeping personal thoughts private unless the comments are well thought out. In the worst case, open criticisms can ruin friendships or cause deep seated anger, though it can usually be resolved.

However, In the case of Aristocrat, a Persian satrap in the beginning of the 5th century BCC, It shaped the world as we know It.

The ancient oral at that time was organized much differently than it Is today, and Persia was a dominant empire. While local conflicts were common and border skirmishes were an ongoing problem as different cultures tried to expand their holdings, these did not involve significant parts of the population; there were no major wars between empires targeted at bringing down an entire people. How the actions of Aristocrat changed this and how the series of conflicts that followed influenced the course of history are not often explored, but their effect Is unmistakable.

A few critical remarks darted a chain of events that ultimately is why delegates to the united Nations wear suits and ties instead of turbans (Facet 1). In the Mediterranean world in 499 BCC the main power was the Persian Empire.

Persia was a very large domain consisting of twenty provinces called satrapies which were ruled by a governor, or satrap. The satrap was appointed by the king, who at that time was Diaries l. The satrap’s duties included taxing the people, acting as a judge, and making important decisions for the satrapy.

The farther the satrapy was from the capital, the more autonomous it was.

As a result, the satraps on the far caches of the Persian Empire acted as kings of their own satrapies and could, in general, do as they pleased while still benefiting from being part of a larger culture, as long as they stayed loyal to the king. This describes Aristocrat and his satrapy Milieus, located In the southwest corner of the empire. While the rule of the different satrapies varied based on their location, they were all united with a uniform system of laws and Judges.

They shared abundant resources, and order was sustained.

They were also all connected by a well maintained and This existed in sharp contrast to the Greeks, who were divided in hundreds of efferent independent entities, called polis, ruled by tyrants. Though bound together by language, religion, and lifestyle, they were a resource poor region. As a result, each polis was fiercely Jealous of independence and suspicious of their neighbors, Ninth frequent conflicts erupting. While, collectively, they occupied a large area, they Nerve not a dominant world force at that time.

All this changed after Diaries declared Near, and the major polis came together and formed an alliance to counteract the Persian threat. Nile it is difficult to fully document the intricacies that spurred the major events of ouch an early civilization, the work of the ancient historian Herodotus has provided significant detail that could not be learned through archaeological studies alone.

Herodotus is known as the “ Father of History’ because he was the first person to not lust record history but to interpret it as well.

He traveled to many places of the Nor, including Greece and Persia, to gather information to accurately record the events that occurred in writing his nine books called the Histories. Also, what is extremely remarkable is the fact that his accounts are considered by most historians as accurate and relatively objective. Herodotus’ book is the only primary source on the Ionian Revolt, and it is because of his early work that a more complete understanding of the causes of the Persian Wars can be obtained.

The story of the Persian Wars begins with Aristocrat, an Ionian Greek.

Aristocrat Nas the satrap of Milieus on the edge of the Persian Empire. He was placed into power by his father-in-law Historians, the prior satrap of Milieus, when Historians was promoted to serve in the court of the Persian Emperor Diaries I (Souza 17). As Herodotus reported, when the nearby island of Nanas rebelled against the Persian Empire, Aristocrat seized the opportunity to take it back in order to get a promotion too better position from Diaries.

At the very least, even if it did not lead to advancement, he could add Nanas to his growing state and get money from the taxes on its citizens. Since Nanas was an island, Aristocrat needed a Ana to conquer it, so he elicited the assistance of Earthiness, the satrap of Lydia and Diaries’ brother, in exchange for a share of the plunder. Earthiness provided Aristocrat access to his navy, along Ninth his skilled and clever naval admiral, Megabytes.

Unfortunately, Aristocrat biblically insulted Megabytes over the discipline of his Ionian captain Skylark, which led Megabytes to warn the people of Nanas of the impending invasion (Souza 12). Rhea resulting offensive failed because the people of Nanas were prepared and Aristocrat was defeated. The problem that arose was that Aristocrat promised Earthiness a portion of his booty and, since he now had none, Earthiness would undoubtedly take revenge. At the very least Aristocrat would be exiled, but most likely Earthiness would kill him, easily within his power since he was the brother of the king (Facet 3).

Neighboring Greek polis. Unsuccessful in his attempt to obtain military support from Sparta, he was able to convince the Athenians and the Ephesians because they felt a sense of kinship toward the Ionian Greeks in their conflict with the Persians in Nanas, overlooking Aristocrat’ part in that initial engagement and instead focusing on his heritage as an Ionian Greek. With a sizable army raised, Aristocrat marched to Saris, the capital of Lydia, and burnt it to the ground while Earthiness hid in the citadel (Billows 156).

However, when Diaries I heard what happened, he immediately De his troops to Saris and quickly defeated all of the rebels except for the Athenians, who escaped by ship. Aristocrat fled to Thrace, where he was later killed in battle, but the legacy he left behind would be felt for generations to come Redroot’s 352). Diaries never forgot what the Greeks did, and he vowed to get vengeance for their actions.

Diaries’ first priority was to crush the rebels in his Ionian Provinces that helped in the revolt.

He destroyed the provinces and enslaved their populations as a message that this would happen to any other colony that took up arms against Persia. From there, the Persians decided to take over mainland Greece and punish them for taking part in the revolt, marking the beginning of the Greece Persian Wars. In planning his attack, Diaries enlisted the help of Hippies, the ex-tyrant of Athens No was ousted with the help of the Spartan and exiled to Saris.

He advised Diaries to land at the Plain of Marathon, an area he knew well, because it was close to Athens and was not well fortified (Billows 204).

What Hippies did not count on was the network of spies that the Greeks had in place monitoring their borders. When the Greek generals were informed of Diaries’ arrival, they decided to set up a offensive position along the southern edge of the Hamlet’s-Pentane Pass leading to the Plain of Marathon. While they had a strategic plan for engagement to optimize their effectiveness, they were significantly outnumbered.

The Greeks and the Persians proceeded to a standoff at Marathon for several days.

During this time, the Persians covertly redirected a significant portion of their troops to sail directly to Athens to attack it from the sea. They left a small contingent of men behind to keep the Greeks from going back to Athens to protect the city : Kerned 137). This move did not go unnoticed, and the Greeks responded with a plan o attack the Persians. If they won, they would be able to return to Athens to defend it. Early in the morning, the Greeks lined up and thinned their ranks so that they Mould not be outflanked by the Persians (Kerned 154).

About a mile apart, the Greeks began their charge. The two armies fought and, at first, the Persians pushed the center of the Greeks back, but the Greek wings collapsed the Persian wings causing the battle was not over; the Greek forces still had to march back to Athens to defend Returning Just in time, when the Persians arrived, they found the Greeks lined up in battle positions, ready to take them on. Encountering this, the Persians decided to retreat to avoid further loss of life, so they turned around and sailed back to Asia Minor, never to return to Greece in Diaries’ lifetime.

For the immediate future, a rebellion in Egypt had erupted that threatened the Persians more than the Greeks. So the First Persian War ended with the Greeks victorious, though they knew this conflict was not over, and their success only bought them time to prepare for future engagements. En Diaries died, he left the Persian Empire to his son Xeroxes, who launched the Second Persian War.

In his attempt to subjugate Greece, he launched an invasion to attack the Greeks at Thermopiles, a narrow strip of land between Thessaly and central Greece.

The geography of the region was mountainous and very rugged, with three main “ gates” allowing passage. The Greeks concentrated their defense at the Middle Gate because it provided the most direct route to Athens. Leonia, one of the two kings of Sparta, was responsible for the defense with a force of 8, 000 men, of Inch he diverted 1, 000 to a smaller trail through the mountains called the Myopia Pass to protect his back. Rhea Persian plan for Thermopiles was divided into two phases: an assault at sea followed by a land battle.

To capture and destroy the entire Greek navy, they would first engage in a battle at sea, blocking the only escape route with 200 Persian ships that would be diverted from the rest of the armada to go around Beebe. When the two fleets met in open water, however, the Greeks initially stayed in a circular formation, repelling attack. They then broke rank and went on the offensive, ramming the Persian ships. Their maneuvers were successful, and 30 Persian ships Nerve captured (Bradford 125). The next day the Greek vessels were able to escape since the 200 diverted ships were wrecked in a storm overnight.

In the land battle, woo Persian divisions of 20, 000 Modes were initially sent to the Middle Gate but were repelled by the Greeks (Bradford 127). Then Hydrates and his “ Immortals,” the elite Persian force, were dispatched. Initially repelled due to the nature of hoppled Nearer, they took the Myopia Pass to try to attack the Greeks from the rear (Bradford because the Greek forces retreated after an initial engagement. Hearing of the Persian advance, Leonia sent away all of his troops except for himself and 300 Spartan to allow time for the Athenians to evacuate.

His small force fought to the death, but the battle cost Diaries 20, 000 men. Nevertheless, the Persians then proceeded to Athens, causing the Athenians to flee to Salamis.

After the Athenians evacuated Athens, the Greek fleet of 300 vessels sailed to Salamis to offer protection. The Persians followed, reaching the Straight of Salamis Ninth 700 ships, again diverting 200 to block escape and force a confrontation (Souza 55). The Greeks quickly charged the main force of 500 ships before they were able to organize, sinking 200 while only losing 40 of their own vessels (Curtis 238).

With Inter approaching, direct confrontations ceased.

Xeroxes departed to concentrate on there revolts within the empire, such as Babylonian, and the troops in Greece were left under command of Marooning. After the winter, Marooning attempted to persuade the Athenians to accept peace by offering to rebuild their city and obtain more land for them, albeit at the expense of other Greek city-states. The Athenians refused and called on Sparta to protect the Attica peninsula. Because reinforcements could not respond quickly enough, the Athenians again abandoned Athens and went to Salamis to seek refuge.

Fortunately for the Greeks, the rest of their army emerged from the Isthmus, and 30, 700 troops titled in on the northern slope of a mountain, waiting for the Persians to make the first move. The Persians used their cavalry to disrupt the Greek supply lines, and they eventually captured the Greek water supply, forcing them to attack the Persians on the Plain of Palatial (Cassini-Scott 19).

The Persians engaged the Greeks even though the odds were against them; the Greeks were better equipped for close quarters combat.

Because of this, the Greeks killed Marooning causing the Persians to go into panic and retreat (Allen 56). The Persians left Greece, never to return, ending the Persian Wars. Although Greece continued as an independent collection of city-states after they defeated the Persians, they were eventually brought together under the rule of Philip of Macedon. Expansion of the Greek Empire continued under his son Alexander the Great, as the Greek way of life spread throughout much of the Mediterranean area and into southwest Asia, forming the foundation of western culture.

Further, Alexander conquered the Persian Empire, which at that time had the power to Influence the rest of the world. After he died, his immense empire split, but the three new empires of Ptolemy, Secluded, and Alyssum were still able to continue he spread of Greek culture. Later, the Romans conquered the Greeks, but because they greatly admired their culture, they incorporated it into their own way of life so that the basic Greek culture continued to spread throughout the even larger conquests of the Romans.

After the Roman Empire fell, the dark ages began, and it appeared as if the Greek culture was fading.

However, with the emergence of the Nor has been mostly Hellenized. Had Aristocrat not spoken those few terse words and been successful in taking-over Nanas, the growth of the Western world may have proceeded down a very different tat. Expansion of the Persian Empire may very well have overtaken the less organized and annulled Greek city-states and become the prominent world force, directing the course of history.

While Herodotus’ accounts have provided many of the details that may have otherwise been lost, gaining him the title of “ Father of History,” Aristocrat could, by some accounts, be given the title “ Father of Western Civilization” (Holland 154).

While that may be a bit of a stretch, it is not too much to say that Western civilization owes its identity in large part to Aristocrat’ mistake. BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES Herodotus. Herodotus on the War for Greek Freedom. Trans. Samuel Shirley. De.

Lames Room.

Indianapolis: Hack Publishing Company, Inc. , 2003. This book contained the major stories of Herodotus as they related to the Ionian Revolt.

The introduction and epilogue provided excellent historical context and, along with the notes, were invaluable in helping to gain a better understanding of the translation. A glossary of the main characters and places was an additional aid to relate to the people mentioned in the work. Herodotus. Herodotus: The Persian Wars. Trans.

George Rawlins. New York: Random House, 1942.

It gave an in depth analysis on the struggles and the events that ultimately shaped history. The use of footnotes was useful in helping the reader to better understand the culture at the time. Calcify, David. Marathon.

Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. This book presented a detailed overview of the Battle of Marathon, along with an interpretation of its role in history. It covered the tactics, weapons, and military strategy employed, as well as providing a prelude to the struggle and the resultant illustrations. Cassini-Scott, Jack. The Greek and Persian Wars 500-323 BC.

London: Osprey, 1994. This book provided excellent background information on the Greece-Persian Wars, long with concise, convincing accounts of the major encounters. Although too Involved to include in this report, its detailed battle maps aided in the understanding of the movements of the troops in each skirmish. From its many illustrations, a picture of a frieze of Xeroxes was used.

Chandler, Finn. Ancient World. London: Osborne Publishing LTD, 2012. This book provided background information on the Greeks and Persians and the clash that erupted.

Tracing each civilization from its formation to eventual fall, it covered the highlights from which further areas of more in depth study were identified.

Cox, Rev. G. W. The Greeks and the Persians. New York: Charles Scribner’s’ Sons, 1804. This old text gave an interesting account of the conflict between the Greeks and the Persians.

It included insight into the lives of the people who changed history and goes into greater depth than any of the other books. It also presented a much different perspective than found in later works. Curtis, John E. And Engel Tallish. Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia.

Los Angels: University of California Press, 2005. This resource provided an in-depth perspective of the complete history of the Persian Empire and the impact of Aristocrat and the Ionian Revolt. Additionally, it contained a lengthy bibliography that was used to find further sources, as well as numerous illustrations. Facet, Bill. 100 Mistakes that Changed History. New York: Penguin Group, 2010.

This book provided an excellent overview of Aristocrat’ rule of Milieus and the subsequent rebellion that resulted in the war between the Persian Empire and the Greeks and how his actions changed history.

Gillis, Daniel. Collaboration with the Persians. Waistband, Germany: Franz Steiner Average Comb, 1979. This book talked about the Greece Persian wars and the events that led up to them. It also went into detail about the major battles and how the Greeks responded to each event.

A good starting point to researching the Greek culture, this text imparted an overview of the subject in a concise, easy to understand format and helped form a foundation for further research. Holland, Tom. Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West. New fork: Doubleday, 2006.

A relatively recent work, this book provided a more updated viewpoint and accounting of historical events surrounding Aristocrat. It was also a great source of satirical analysis. Kinsey, Brian. Ancient Greece. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2011. An illustrative history, this text provided a comprehensive analysis of the Greek civilization, including a focus on how the Greece-Persian Wars affected Greek life.

It Nas an excellent source for maps outlining areas under Greek influence and how the alliances were formed after invasion by the Persians. It also contained numerous battle illustrations.

Kerned, Peter. The Battle of Marathon.

New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, Ninth in depth coverage of the Battle of Marathon, starting with the events leading up o the battle as well as addressing the aftermath, this book provided a useful second perspective on this important battle. It highlighted critical stages of the campaign, along with the military strategies employed. Lindsay, Allen. The Persian Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

This book provided insight into the Persian Empire, including the reign of Aristocrat.

It was a comprehensive resource with extensive details on this ancient civilization. It relied heavily on archaeological findings, being published by an organization that is part of a renowned archaeological institution. Myers, John. Herodotus: A Father of History.

London: London Oxford University Press, This book dispensed substantial background information on the author of the only primary source, covering his life and travels, along with the techniques he employed in researching the events outlined in his volumes.

It also provided an overview on how the Histories were structured, an analysis of his writing style, and historical notes on his work. 1959. This book gave an in depth history of the ancient Persian Empire from rise to fall. It explored the conflict with the Greeks and examined the Persian opinion of the Greeks’ actions. Panel, John.

Persians: Masters of Empire. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1995. This book was used to get the Persian viewpoint of the Ionian Revolt and the battles that ensued that shaped the west.

It presented a detailed explanation of imperial organization in the empire, as well as covering the eventual conquest by Alexander the Great.

It also contained an excellent illustration off relief of Diaries that was used in the report. Any, Amanda and Marin McGee. The Ancient Near Eastern World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. This book rendered a concise overview of the Persian Empire, helping to structure rather research. The relationship between the Persians and the Greeks was also explored.

Price, Masseuse. Ancient Iran. Vancouver: Amanita Productions LTD, 2008.

Used as a preliminary source, this book presented a concise overview on the ancient Persians and also addressed the conquests of Alexander the Great. It was also a resource for illustrations. Smith, John Sherwood.

Greece and the Persians. Bristol, United Kingdom: Bristol Classical press, 1990. This book focused on the Greece-Persian Wars and how they affected history. Relying heavily on primary sources, it provided analyses of the key battles within historical intent to identify patterns and trends, which was useful in understanding the conflicts caused by Aristocrat.

It also included numerous maps and battlefield diagrams to supplement the details of the conflicts. Strauss, Barry.

The Battle of Salamis. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004. This book provided detailed coverage of the Battle of Salamis, investigating the causes and effects as well as the military strategy involved in this crucial naval engagement. Several illustrations were also obtained from this resource. Souza, Philip.

The Greek and Persian Wars 499-386 BC. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2003.

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