Ap biology ch 51: behavioral biology vocabulary

Ethologythe study of animal behavior in natural conditions. Fixed action pattern (FAP)a sequence of behavioral acts that is especially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated. pg. 1124 ONAP BIOLOGY CH 51: BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY VOCABULARY SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowSign stimulusa FAP that is triggered by an external sensory stimulus. pg. 1124Behavior ecologythe research field that views behavior as an evolutionary adaptation to the ecological conditions of animals. pg 1126Foragingfood obtaining behaviors including not only eating, but the mechanism animal uses to recognize, search for and capture food. pg. 1127Optimal foraging theorythe basis for analyzing foraging behavior as a compromise of feeding costs verses feeding benefits. pg. 1127Learningthe modification of behavior (behavioral change) resulting from specific experiences. pg. 1128Maturationbehavior that changes because of ongoing developmental changes in neuromuscular systems. pg 1129Habituationa very simple type of learning that involves loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information. pg. 1129Imprintinglearning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal’s life and is generally irreversible; a learned behavior with a significant innate component, aired during a critical period. pg 1129Sensitive perioda limited phase in an individual animal’s development when learning of particular behaviors can take place. pg. 1130Associative learningthe ability of animals to associate one stimuli with another. ex.: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. pg. 1132Classical conditioningtype of associative learning where the animal learns to associate an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment. pg. 1132Operant conditioningtype of associative learning where the animal learns to associate one of it’s own behaviors with a reward or punishment. pg. 1132Playbehavior that has no apparent external goal but involves movements closely associated with goal-directed behaviors. pg. 1132Cognitionthe ability of an animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by sensory receptors. Consciousness, or awareness. pg. 1133Cognitive Ethologythe study of animal cognition examines the connection between an animal’s nervous system and it’s behaviors. pg. 1134Kinesisa simple change in activity or turning rate in response to stimuli. pg. 1134Taxismovement toward or away from a stimulus. pg. 1134Landmarka point of reference for orientation during navigation. pg. 1134Cognitive mapan internal representation (within the nervous system) , or code, of the spatial relationship among objects in an animal’s surroundings. pg. 1134Migrationregular movement over relatively long distances. pg. 1134Social behavioray kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species. pg. 1137Sociobiologythe study of social behavior based on evolutional theory. pg. 1137Agonistic behaviora type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates. pg. 1138Rituala type of symbolic activity. pg 1138Reconciliation behaviorpost-conflict behavior that renews friendly relations. pg. 1138Dominance hierarchya linier ” pecking order” of animals, where positions dictate characteristic social behaviors. pg. 1138Territoryan area that an individual or individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are usually excluded. pg. 1138Courtshipbehavior patterns that lead up to copulation or gamete release. pg. 1140Parental investmentthe time and resources and individual must spend to produce and nurture offspring. pg. 1141Promiscuousmating with no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships. pg. 1142Monogamousmating were the mates stay together for longer periods of time.; one male with one female. pg. 1142Polygamousa type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other. Two types are progeny and polyandry. pg. 1142Polygamya polygamous mating system involving one male and many females. pg. 1142Polyandrya polygamous mating system involving one female and many males. pg. 1142Signala behavior that causes a change in behavior in another animal. pg. 1142Communicationthe transmission of, reception of, and response to signals. pg. 1142Pheromonesa small, volatile chemical signal (odor) that functions in communication between animals and acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior. pg. 1143Altruismbehavior that reduces an individual’s fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual. pg. 1145Inclusive fitnessthe total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring. pg. 1146Coefficient of relatednessequals the probability that a particular gene present in one individual will also be inherited from a common parent or ancestor in a second individual. pg. 1146Hamilton’s rulethe principle that for natural selection to favor an altruistic act, the benefit to the recipient, devalued (multiplied) by the coefficient of relatedness, must exceed cost to altruist. ( rB > C ) pg. 1146Kin selectiona phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals. pg. 1147Reciprocal altruismaltruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates. pg. 1147