Unit 2 study guide ap human geography exam

UNIT 2 Study Guide AP Human Geography Exam Population: Demography: The study of human populations Over Population: The definition of over population is having too many people and to little resources Carrying Capacity: The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support Doubling Time: The time it takes for a population to double Four most over populated regions/Sparsely populated regions in the world (Over populated): East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Western Europe East Asia: One fifth of the world’s people live in east Asia. The region borders the pacific ocean. East Asia includes: eastern China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and Taiwan. South Asia: Another one fifth of the world’s population lives in south Asia. South Asia includes: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia: The world’s third largest population cluster is in southeast Asia. A half billion people live in southeast Asia. The islands are: Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. Western Europe: World’s fourth largest population cluster. Contains one ninth of the world’s population. Most of Europe’s people live in cities. This region ranges from Monaco to Russia. Sparsely Populated Regions: Dry Lands- When an area is dry for farming not many people want to live there. These areas cover about 20% of the earth’s land surface. The largest desert region is the Sahara. Deserts lack sufficient water to grow crops to feed many people. Wet Lands- Wet lands are lands that receive high levels of precipitation. These areas are unfavorable for human life. A combination of rain and heat depletes nutrients from the soil which prevents growing crops. Cold lands- Cold lands are areas that are covered with ice or have permanently frozen ground. These regions have less precipitation than some deserts. These polar regions are unsuitable for crops and animals. High lands- Few people live at high elevations. The highest mountains in the world are steep, snowy, and sparsely settled. Some people prefer to live at higher elevations if the temperature and precipitation are uncomfortable at lower elevations. Population Increase: Doubling time- The number of years needed to double a population. Total fertility rate- The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years. Infant mortality rate- The annual number of deaths of infants under one year old. Life expectancy measures the number of years a newborn will be expected to live. The current estimated world human population is 6, 379, 157, 361. This figure is extremely precise, however, since there is no complete database on the world’s population, and humans are constantly being born (at the rate of about 3 per second) and dying. However, it is clear that the world’s population continues to grow, in other words, more people are being born than people dying. Causes of Population Increase: Crude birth rate (CBR)- The total number of live births in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in the society. Ex: a (CBR) of 20 means that for every 1, 000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a one year period. Crude death rate (CDR)- total number of deaths in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in the society. The annual number of deaths per 1, 000 population. Natural increase rate (NIR)- the percentage by which a population grows in a year. To compute you subtract CBR from CDR. Natural Increase: Natural- means a country’s growth rate excludes migration. About 80 million people are added to the world’s population each year. The historic high was in 1989 with 87 million. The number of people added each year has dropped slower than the NIR because the population base is much higher now than in the past. Fertility: TFR total fertility rate- the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49). Mortality: Two useful measures of mortality in addition to the crude death rate already discussed are the infant mortality rate and life expectancy. Infant mortality rate (IMR)-the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Life expectancy- the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels. Population Pyramid: A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex Population pyramids can be used to demonstrate the demographics of a certain area, and can be used as an indication of the development of a certain area The Demographic Transition: The Basics- All countries are in one stage or another of the demographic transition. Once a country has entered a stage, it cannot go back down to a previous stage. There are 4 stages in the Demographic Transition. Low growth, high growth, moderate growth, and low growth. When a country enters stage 4, it has in a sense completed a cycle. It began with low natural increase in stage 1, in stage 2 there is a huge increase in technology and population. During stage 3 it begins to slow down, though advances continue. In stage 4 the growth is minimal. The only difference is that at the end of stage 4 the country has a vast amount of technology and the population is much higher. Stage 1: Low Growth – No countries are still in stage 1. – Most of humanity’s several-hundred-thousand-year occupancy of Earth was characterized by stage 1 of the demographic transition. – Crude birth and death rates vary yearly but over time they were comparable. – National increase rate was essentially zero, and world population was constant at about half a million. During this period primary food relied on hunting and gathering. – As food became easier to obtain, population increased, but when food became more difficult to obtain, the population decreased. – About 8000 BC the population became to grow by several thousand per year. – Between 8000 BC and 1750 AD the population from 5 million to about 800 million. This was caused by the agricultural revolution. – This was the first time humans domesticated plants and animals. Stage 2: High Growth – From about 10, 000 years after the agricultural revolution, world population grew at a modest pace. – Around 1750 AD the population began to grow ten times as fast. – The natural increase rate rose from 0. 05 to 0. 5 – Some demographers divide stage 2 of the demographic transition into 2 parts. – The first part is the accelerating population growth. – During the second part the population begins to slow, although birth and death rates remain very separated. – The sudden population boom was caused by the industrial revolution which began in England in the late 18th century. – The industrial revolution brought about rapid improvements in industrial technology. This brought about a lot of wealth which was used to make communities healthier. – New machines helped farmers increase agricultural production. The improved agricultural efficiency allowed more people to work in factories. This caused industrialization in communities. – European and North American countries entered stage 2 around 1750 or 1800. Countries elsewhere didn’t enter stage 2 till much later. Many African countries didn’t enter stage 2 until the late 1950’s due to the medical revolution. – The natural; increase rate for stage 2 countries was about 1. 7 at the time. – The population increased by about 80 million in 2000 compared to 8 million in 1900. – Several medical advances were made during this time as well. Stage 3: Moderate Growth – A country enters stage 3 when the crude birth rate begins to drop sharply. The death rate continues to fall but not as much as in stage 2. – Natural increase is more moderate than stage 2 as well. – European and North American nations entered stage 3 in the early twentieth century. Latin American and Asian countries have entered rather recently, while most African countries still have not entered stage 3. – The decrease in death rates in stage 2 is caused by technological advances, while the decrease in births during stage 3 is a result of changes in social customs. – People in stage 3 countries are more likely to live in cities than in rural areas. Stage 4: Low Growth – A country achieves stage 4 when birth and death rates are nearly equal and natural increase is almost zero. – This is known as ZPG or Zero Population Growth. This term is usually applied to stage 4 countries. – Social changes again dictate the change between stages 3 and 4. Here the primary factor is women who enter the labor force. – Life style changes also tend to lead to smaller families in stage 4, and people with more birth control options tend to use them more in stage 4 countries. – Due to discrepancies, ZPG is not always accurate. Scientists use the more accurate term TFR or Total Fertility Rate. Typically a TPR of 2. 1 is equal to the ZPG. Stage 5: Currently no Stage 5 Experts suggesting that there will be in the near future Characterized by a negative population growth This will first occur in Western Europe and make its way through most MDCs. Malthus Theory: States that the world will get wiped out by over population, starvation, and disease (mainly the ratio of people to food). Thomas Malthus stated this in 1798 in his book- An Essay on the Principle of Population. Today: 1 person, 1 unit of food 25 years from now: 2 people, 2 units of food 50 years from now: 4 persons, 3 units of food 75 years from now: 8 people, 4 units of food 100 years from now: 16 people, 5 units of food Back in the 17 & 1800s, they didn’t have the same farming technology and methods we have today. There wasn’t as much medicine to cure diseases. Lester Brown a Stanford University biologist, said Malthus made critical points but missed a couple important points, gains in land productivity, and the preference for eating “ higher up the food chain”. Example- In Sub-Saharan Africa, drought, poverty, and disease (mainly AIDS) are reducing life expectancy. The population is bigger than the amount of arable land-which causes more than half of the children to be under-nourished or mal-nourished. Neo-Malthusians: Study Malthus’ theory They point out that the amount of farmland is decreasing while the population is increasing. Global Warming could interfere with food production. Both extensification and intensification of agriculture will lead to land degradation. Malthus’s Critics: Many geographers believe Malthus’ theory is very pessimistic because they based on a belief that the world’s supply is fixed not expanding. Malthus did not foresee the advancement in technology that would help mankind survive. Census- A complete enumeration of a population. Crude Birth Rate- The total number of live births in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in the society. Crude Death Rate- The total number of deaths in a year fro every 1, 000 people alive in the society. Demographic Transition- The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. Demography- The scientific study of population characteristics. Dependency Ratio- The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force. Doubling Time- The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Epidemiologic Transition- Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Epidemiology- Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. Ecumene- The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Industrial Revolution- A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Infant Mortality Rate- The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1, 000 live births in a society. Life Expectancy- The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. Medical Revolution- Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. Natural Increase Rate- The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Overpopulation- The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. Pandemic- Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Population Pyramid- A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. Sex Ratio- The number of males per 100 females in the population. Total Fertility Rate- The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. Zero Population Growth- A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. Migration (Chapter 3): Migration: Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location Mobility: All types of movement from one location to another Circulation: Constant, short term, repetitive movements by an individual Emigration: Migration away from country Immigration: Migration into a country Net Migration: The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants Net In-Migration & Net Out-Migration Counterurbanization: Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs Reasons For Migration: Usually people migrate for economic reasons Although not as frequently, cultural and environmental reasons also induce migration Push factor: when people are forced out of an area Ex: Hurricane Katrina destroyed many peoples’ houses, so they were forced to move somewhere else. Pull factor: when people desire to move into a new location Ex: Better job opening in a new area, a good place to retire. Usually promises a better situation than the present one. Economic Push and Pull Factors: Pull- People emigrate to places with better job opportunities. They will also emigrate because of better natural resources. Metal and coal deposits might attract miners. A brand new industry or store could attract technicians, scientists, engineers, or other workers. Push- When a industry goes bankrupt, workers will lose their jobs and might be forced to move to a different area because of a job opportunity. Environmental Push and Pull Factors: Pull- people are attracted to areas with warm climates, mountainsides, and seasides. Push- certain physical conditions cause people to move to different areas like too much or too little water in an area can force people to move. Also an area that is storm prone can force people to migrate. Cultural Push and Pull Factors: The 2 main push factors are slavery and political instability. Millions of people were captured and shipped to many different countries as prisoners or slaves. People called refugees are forced to migrate form their countries because of fear of persecution because of their race, nationality, religion, or political opinion. Pull- people migrate for especially the lure of freedom. People are attracted to democratic countries that encourage individual choice in education, career, and a place of residence. Brain Drain: Large-scale emigration by talented people International & Internal Migration: International Migration- The permanent movement from one country to another. Internal Migration- Permanent movement within a particular country. Examples – International Migration- Moving to Russia from the United States, or from Africa to Australia. Internal Migration- Moving to Arkansas from Michigan, or from Georgia to California. Internal Migration- People living in India must migrate to a different part of India to escape the flooding that occurs near them. International Migration- Some Jewish people were able to escape the Nazis by migrating to the different countries away from them. Internal Migration: Permanent movement within a country. Divided into two types- Interregional migration- movement from one region of a country to another. Rust Belt and Sun Belt Intraregional migration- movement within on region International Migration: Divided into two types- Voluntary migration- implies that migrant has chosen to move for economic improvements. Forced migration- the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors. Economic push and pull factors usually induce voluntary migration. Whereas cultural factors usually compel forced migration Net Migration: The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. In-Migration: synonym of immigration, moving into a country Out-migration: leaving a country Countries with net out-migrations include Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Countries with net in-migrations include North America, Europe, and Oceania. Guest Workers: Workers who migrate to the MDCs of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs Temporary Migration for Work: 1. Guest Workers — Citizens of poor communities who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East. 2. Time — Contract Workers -Recruited for a fixed period of time to work in mines or on plantations. European Guest Workers – In Europe, these workers are protected by Minimum Wage laws and union contracts – About 700, 000 of these workers enter Europe legally – 500, 000 workers enter illegally – The United Kingdom restricts the ability for foreigners to get work permits. – If you are allowed to work in another country there is usually a time limit for how long you can stay for your desired assignment. Distinguishing Between Economic Migrants and Refugees – Very difficult to distinguish between those seeking economic opportunities and refugees fleeing from persecution etc. – In Western Europe, Canada, and the US economic migrants are not usually admitted however refugees receive priority in admission. Intervening Obstacles – Immigrants may not always get to there destination because of an environmental or cultural obstacle. – Also, transportation is a problem with immigration. It is difficult to meet all the requirements to be able to travel in any way to a new country. – Oceans and lakes are an obstacle in migration because people are unable to cross the bodies of water. – Motor vehicles and airplanes are the easiest way to go from one place to another, but it is also the hardest requirements to meet when traveling. Countries Attitudes Towards New Immigrants – Making it to the desired country isn’t always the end of the complications, once the immigrants reach the country, the citizens may dislike the new people because of cultural differences. – The guest workers are not always excepted and can be treated unfairly. Vietnam: The long Vietnam War ended in 1975 when Communist-controlled North Vietnam captured South Vietnam’s capital city of Saigon. The US evacuated from Saigon several thousand people who had been closely identified with the American position during the war and who were therefore vulnerable to persecution after the Communist victory. A second surge of Vietnamese boat people began in the late 1980s. Their most popular destinations were Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand. 800, 000 Vietnamese have reached the US since the end of the Vietnam War, another 1 million in other countries.