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Timeline

Desegregation Events First of School Desegregation Events Over time, there have been eight significant events that have affecteddesegregation in the United States. The timeline for these events are as follows:
1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson – The Supreme Court found the policy of separate, but equal. This meant that there could be separate facilities for blacks and whites as long there were equal facilities (busses for whites, busses for blacks) (Aleinikoff, 1992).
1948 – Shelly v. Kraemer – The Supreme Court found that a court could not enforce a restrictive covenant which prevented people from a certain race from owning or occupying property (Henkin, 1962, p. 473-505).
1954 – Brown v. Board of Education – This Supreme Court case overturned the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. This case declared that laws which created separate, but equal schools for black and white students, unconstitutional (McBride, 2006).
1964 – Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States – In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that it was illegal for motels to select its guests as it sees fit (Cortner, 2001).
1964 – Civil Rights Act – This is legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It ended racial segregation in schools, in the workplace and in facilities (Whalen, 1985).
1971 – Sawnn v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education – The court ruled that when finding ways to handle the issue of illegal segregation in schools assigning students to bussing was legal (Mickelson, 2001, p. 215-252).
1978 – Regents of the University of California v. Bakke – This decision said that affirmative action was not allowed if it resulted in reverse discrimination (Epstein & Knight, 2001, p. 341-379).
2003 – Grutter v. Bollinger – This case upheld affirmative action in education as long as there was a “ highly individualized, holistic review of each applicant’s file” and in which race was not considered (Cornell University Law School, n. d.).
The consequences of each of these cases eventually lead to total desegregation in the United States. As the timeline shows, with each case, the laws became more and more open to equality among the races. In terms of schools and children, there is now no desegregation and schools are racially diverse as well as the transportation to those schools. Students from any race are allowed to attend their public neighborhood school without issue thanks to the people who pursued these cases.
References
Aleinikoff, T. A. (1992). Re-reading justice harlans dissent in plessy v. ferguson: Freedom, antiracism and citizenship. Hein Online.
Cornell University Law School (n. d.). Legal information institute. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from http://www. law. cornell. edu/supremecourt/text/539/306
Cortner, R. C. (2001). Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The Heart of Atlanta Motel and McClung Cases (Vol. 43). Univ Pr of Kansas.
Epstein, L., & Knight, J. (2001). Piercing the veil: William j. brennans account of regents of the university of california v. bakke. Yale Law & Policy Review, 19(2), 341-379. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/40239568
Henkin, L. (1962). Shelly v. kraemer: Notes for a revised opinion. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 110(4), 473-505. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/3310675
McBride, A. (2006, December). Expanding civil rights. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from http://www. pbs. org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown. html
Mickelson, R. A. (2001). Subverting swann: First and second generation segregation in the charlotte-mecklenburg schools. American Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 215-252. doi: 10. 3102/00028312038002215
Whalen, C. W. (1985). The longest debate: A legislative history of the 1964 civil rights act. Washington D. C.: Seven Locks Press.

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