Soc sci 16 : rizal (notes for final)

SOC SCI 16 : RIZAL (NOTES FOR FINAL) CHAPTER 8: Noli Me Tangere Published (1887) – Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin portrays the brutalities of American slave owners and the pathetic condition of the unfortunate Negro Slave – Uncle Tom’s Cabin inspired Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants – He was still a student in the Central University of Madrid when he started to write the draft of Noli – January 2, 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos at the Paterno residence – The proposal was approved by other Filipinos : Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente, Melecio Figuera, and Valentin Ventura – The project did not materialize because the other Filipino men in Spain were wasting their time in gambling, flirting with Spanish señorita, and they only want to write on women not about the Philippines – He wrote the last few chapters of Noli in Wilhemsfeld in April-June 1886 – During his stay in Berlin, was winter and he was sick and penniless, he saw no hope of having the novel be published – Dr. Maximo Viola (a friend from a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan) visited Rizal in Berlin and was shocked to find Rizal living in poverty and deplorably sickly due to lack of proper nourishment – He loaned Rizal some cash money for living expenses and to finance the printing cost of Noli – February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing – Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft-printing shop printed the Noli, 300 pesos for 2, 000 copies of the novel – Rizal was suspected as a French spy – March 21, 1887, The Noli Me Tangere came off the press. – Copies of the novel were sent to Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, G. Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, Felix Hidalgo – March 29, 1887, Viola receive the galley proffs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that Rizal used in writing it and a complimentary copy as a token of Rizal’s appreciation and gratitude for Viola’s help – Galley proofs are the preliminary versions of publications meant for review by authors, editors, and proofreaders, often with extra wide margins. Galley proofs may be uncut and unbound, or in some cases electronic. They are created for proofreading and copyediting purposes, but may be used for promotional and review purposes also. – Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means “ Touch Me Not”. It was taken from the Bible – The novel was a true story of Philippine conditions during the last decades of Spanish rule. – Maria Clara = Leneor Rivera, Tasio the philosopher = Paciano, Padre Salve= Padre Antionio Piernavieja, the hated Augustinian friar from Cavite, Captian Tiago = Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas, Doña Victorina = Doña Agustina Medel, Basilio and Crispin= Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy, Padre Damaso= typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal who was arrogant, immoral and anti Filipino, Ibara= Rizal – There is a chapter that was deleted by Rizal so that it was not included in the printed novel to lower the cost of printing. – The deleted chapter was entitled “ Elias and Salome” – Rizal’s friends praise the Noli (Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor) CHAPTER 9: Rizal’s Grand Tour of Europe with Viola (1887) – Rizal had received Paciano’s remittance of P 1, 000. 00 which was forwarded by Juan Luna From Paris – Rizal painded Viola the sum of P 300. 00 which Viola kindly loaded so that the Noli could be printed – First visited Potsdam, a city near Berlin which Frederick the Great, made famous. – May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train to roam Europe, it was spring that time/ DRESDEN ➢ Studied the numerous plant varieties of extraordinary beauty and size ➢ Visited Dr. Adoph B. Meyer ➢ Visited the Museum of Art ➢ Met with Dr. Jagor who advised Rizal and Viola to visit Dr. Blumentritt LEITMERITZ ➢ 1: 30 pm of May 13, 1887, the train that Rizal and Viola boarded arrived ➢ Blumentritt recognized Rizal during their first meeting through a pencil sketch that Rizal sent to him ➢ Viola and Rizal stayed at Hotel Krebs ➢ They stayed there from May 13-May 16, 1887 ➢ Rizal enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family ➢ Blumentritt’s wife, Rosa, was a good cook and prepared many Austrian dishes which Rizal liked ➢ The Blumentritt children: Dolores (Dora/Dorita), Conrad, and Fritz ➢ They visited the beer garden were the best beer of Bohemia were served ➢ Made friends with the burgomaster (town mayor) ➢ Rizal spoke fluent German ➢ Met with Dr. Carlos Czepelak (scientist and scholar) Professor Robert Klutschak ( naturalist) ➢ May 16 (9: 45 am) Left for Prague PRAGUE ➢ Both Viola and Rizal carried letters of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Willkomm a professor of natural history in the University of Prague ➢ Visited the tomb of Copernicus (the famous astronomer), the museum of natural history, the bacteriological laboratories, the famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, the Catholic saint, was imprisoned VIENNA ➢ May 20- arrived in Vienna, capital of Austria-Hungary. ➢ Rizal was fascinated by Vienna because of its beautiful buildings, religious images, haunting waltzes, and majestic charm. Vienna was truly the “ Queen of the Danube” ➢ Met with Norfenfals ( one of the greatest novelists in Europe during that time) ➢ Both Viola and Rizal stayed in Hotel Metropole ➢ Met with two scholars: Masner and Nordmann ➢ Visited churches, museums, art galleries, theaters, and public parks ➢ May 24, left Vienna on a river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube River FROM LINTZ TO RHEINFALL ➢ From Lint, they travel to Salzburg ➢ Nuremberg (one of the oldest city in Germany), they also saw the different torture machines used by the Inquisition ➢ Visited Ulm. The cathedral of this city was “ the largest and tallest in all Germany. Viola needed to rest for he felt dizzy while climbing up the hundred steps of the cathedral but Rizal climbed it with ease. ➢ Rheinfall (Cascade of the Rhine) “ the most beautiful waterfall in Europe ➢ June 2-3, 1887 crossed to Schaffhausen, Switzerland GENEVA ➢ Crossed Leman Lake to reach Geneva ➢ People of Geneva spoke French, German, and Italian ➢ June 19, 1887, Viola’s 26th birthday and Rizal treated him to a blow out to celebrate his birthday ➢ June 6, 1887, Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt stating that he was outraged by what the Spanish did during Madrid Exposition where they exhibit the Igorots and were the object of mockery and laughter by the Spanish people and press. ➢ June 23, 1887. Viola and Rizal parted ways. Viola went back to Barcelona while Rizal continued his Journey to Italy ITALY ➢ He visited different places in Italy: Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence ➢ June 27, 1887 he reached Rome nicknamed “ the Eternal City, ” and “ City of Caesars” ➢ June 29th, (The feast Day of Sts. Peter and Paul) visited for the first time the Vatica. ➢ Marveled and was impressed by the magnificent edifices (St. Peter’s Church), the rare works of art, the vast of St. Peter’s square, the colorful Papal Guards, and the atmosphere of religious devotion that pervaded the Vatican CHAPTER 10: FIRST HOMECOMING, 1887-1888 – Because of the uproar that the Noli caused among the friars Rizal was warned by (1) Paciano, (2) Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law), (3) Chegoy/ Jose M. Cecilio and other friends not to return to the Philippines – Reasons why Rizal wants to return to the Philippines (1) to operate on his mother’s eye, (2) to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants, (3) to find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines, and (4) to inquire why Leonor River remained silent – June 29, 1887 Rizal wrote to his father announcing his plane to return home – July 3, 1887, boarded the steamer Djemnah to Asia – Since he can understand and speak different languages he acted as interpreter for his companions in the Djemnah – Route of Djemha: Europe to Asai via Suez Canal – July 30 reached the City of Saigon ( modern Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) and transferred to another steamer Haiphong which was Manila Bound – August 2 Haiphong left Saigon for Manila – Midnight of August 5, arrived in Manila – August 8 returned to Calamba, and his family welcomed him affectionately with plentiful tears of joy – Due to threat, the family feared for Rizal’s safety. Paciano did not leave him during the first day after arrival to protect him from any enemy assault. His own father would not let him go out alone, lest something might happen to him – In Calamba he establish a medical clinic – First patient was his mother, who was almost blind, He treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her eye cataracts were not yet ripe – Patients from Manila and the provinces flocked to Calamba and to Rizal’s clinic – Rizal was nicknamed “ Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany – Professional fee : P 900 as a physician. By February (1888) earned a total of P 5, 000. 00 as medical fee – Opened a gymnasium for young folk were he introduced European sports – He tried to interest his town mates with gymnastics, fencing and shooting so as to discourage the cockfighting and gambling – He suffered from one failure in Calamba—-his failure to see Leonor Rivera – Governor General Emilio Terrero request Rizal to come to Malacañang Palace – Rizal answered the Governor General that he only exposed the truth but did not advocate subversive ideas – Rizal visited the Jesuits fathers to ask for the copy of Noli to give to the Governor General but the priest would not give up their copy – Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech, and Fr. Federico Faura were glad to see Rizal – Fr. Faura commented that everything in the Noli was the truth but added “ You may lose your head for it” (indicating Rizal) – The Governor General assigned Don Jose Taviel de Andrade as Rizal’s bodyguard – Lt. Andrade was cultured and belong to a noble family and knew painting, and could speak English, French, and Spanish – The Governor General read the Noli and found nothing wrong – The Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (Dominica) sent a copy of Noli to Father Rector Gregorio Echavarria of UST for examination by a committee of the faulty – Fr. Salvador Font (Augustinian cura of Tondo) submitted a report to the Gov. Gen. on December 29 stating that the novel contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and recommended “ that the importation, reproduction, and circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited” – The Gov. Gen. refused to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for harsh measures against people caught reading the novel and its author. – Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of 8 pamphlets under the general heading Cuestiones de Sumo Interes to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writings – Marcelo H. del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lope Jaena, Mariano Ponce, Fr. Sanchez, Don Segismundo Moret, and Professor Blumentritt, defended the Noli Me Tangere. – Rev. Vicente Garcia (pen name: Justo Desiderio Magalang) wrote a defense of the Noli which was published in Singapore – June 13, 1887, A letter from Fernando Canon from Geneva stated that the price set per copy of Nolli was 5 pesetas (P 1. 00) but the price later rose to P 50. 00 pesos per copy – Rizal’s happy days in Calamba were marred by (1) the death of his older sister, Olimpia (2)the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was a German spy, and agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a Mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation – Rizal was compelled to leave Calamba by 2 reasons (1) his presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends and (2) he could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries. – A poem for Lipa ( Hymn To Labor) was written by Rizal before he left the Philippines for the 2nd Time Chapter 11: Hong Kong and Macau 1888 – Left the Philippines to Hong Kong on February 3, 1888, at the age of 27 – He boarded the ship Zaphiro from Manila to Hong Kong – Arrived in Hong Kong, a British Colony on February 16, 1888 and stayed at Victoria Hotel – He was welcomed by the Filipino residents, including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte – Jose Sainz de Varanda ( a Spanish, former secretary of Gov. Gen. Terrero) shadowed Rizal’s movement in Hong Kong. – Hong Kong is a small but very clean city according to Rizal – February 18, accompanied by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer Kiu-Kiang for Macao – Macao is a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong – Rizal stayed at the home of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, a Filipino gentleman married to a Portuguese lady, he is rich and spent his days cultivating plants and flowers, many which came from the Philippines – Stayed at Macao for 2 days and visited the theatre, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas, botanical garden, and bazaars. And also saw the famous Grotto of Camoens( Portugal’s national poet) – February 20, Returned to Hong Kong – Rizal’s experience in Hong Kong (1) Noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year (2) Boisterous Chinese theatre (3) Marathon Lauriat party were guests were served numerous dishes and foods (4) The Dominican Order was the richest religious order in Hong Kong (5) Of Hong Kong cemeteries belonging to the Protestants, Catholics, and Muslims – Catholic cemetery was the most pompous with its ornate and expensive mausoleums and extravagantly carved tombs, the Protestants cemetery was the most beautiful because of its well-groomed plants and clean pathway, and the Muslim cemetery was the simplest, containing only a little mosque and tombstones with Arabic inscriptions – February 22, 1888 Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an American steamer, destination: Japan CHAPTER 12: ROMANTCI INTERLUDE IN JAPAN (1888) – Rizal stayed in Japan for one month and a half ( February 28-April 13, 1888) – February 28, Tuesday, Rizal arrived in Yokohama. He registered at the Grand Hotel – By the next day he transferred to Tokyo and stayed at the Tokyo Hotel where he stayed from March 2-7 – He was visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation and invited Rizal to live at the Spanish Legation – The Spanish Legation was instructed from Manila to monitor his movements in Japan. Rizal accepted the invitation for two reasons (1) he could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation, (2) and he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities – March 7 Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at the Spanish Legation. He and Perez Caballero became good friends. – Rizal did not know the Japanese language (Niponggo). Rizal was embarrassed because he looked like Japanese but could not talk Japanese. He had a hard time shopping for he could not be understood and the Japanese children laughed at him. To avoid further embarrassment, he decided to study the Japanese language. – He studied Japanese drama (kabuki), arts, music, and judo (Japanese art of self- defense) – He visited museums, libraries, art galleries, and shrines. He visited Meguro, Nikko, Hakone, Miyanoshita, and the charming villages of Japan – Rizal was impressed by Japan : (1) the beauty of the country — its flowers, mountains, streams, and scenic panoramas (2) the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people (3) the charming dress and simple charm of the Japanese women (4) very few thieves in Japan so that the houses remained open day and night and in the hotel room one could safely leave money on the table (5) Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike Manila and other cities – There is one thing w/c he did not like in Japan and that was the popular mode of transportation by means of rickshaws drawn by men. – The Spanish Legation was located at the Azabu District of Tokyo – The Japanese gardener in the Spanish Legation help Rizal introduced to him to Seiko – Seiko Usui ( O-Sei-San) 23 years old daughter of a samurai was Rizal’s sweetheart in Japan – She was his guide, interpreter, tutor, guided him in observing the shrines and villages around Tokyo. She helped improved his knowledge of Nippongo and Japanese history. She interpreted for him the Kabuki play and the old-fashioned customs and mores of the Japanese people – O-Sei-san’s beauty and affection almost tempted Rizal to settle down in Japan – At the same time, he was offered a good job at the Spanish Legation. – April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the Belgic , an English steamer at Yokohama, bound for the United States – Land of the Cherry Blossoms/ Land of the Rising Sun= Japan – 1897, O-Sei-san married Mr. Alfred Charlton; British teacher of chemistry of Peer’s School in Tokyo and has one daughter name Yuriko. O-Sei-sam died on May 1, 1947 at the age of 80 – During his journey to the US, Rizal befriended Tetcho Suehiro, a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, and champion of human rights who was forced by the Japanese government to leave the country. – Suehiro was miserably alone for he knew only his own Japanese language and so he could not communicate with the ship officers and the passengers. Learning of his predicament, Rizal who knew many foreign languages including Japanese, befriended him and acted as his interpreter – December 1, 1888 Rizal and Tetcho parted ways CHAPTER 13: RIZAL’S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (1888) – Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888 – The steamer Belgic docked at San Francisco, all passengers were not allowed to land. The American health authorities placed the ship under quarantine on the ground that it came from the Far East where a cholera epidemic was alleged to be raging. – Rizal was surprised because he knew there was no cholera epidemic at that time in the Far East. He joined the other passengers in protesting the unjustifiable action of the health authorities – May 4, 1888 Rizal was permitted to go ashore, he registered at the Palace Hotel – May 6 4: 30 PM Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland – From Oakland he boarded the train for his trip across the continent. He took his supper at Sacramento for 75 centavos and sleep in his coach – May 7 he arrived in Reno, Nevada ( The Biggest Little City in the World). He saw an Indian attired in Semi-European suit and semi-indian suit, leaning against a wall. – The wide deserts without plants nor trees. Unpopulated. Lonely place. – May 8 Odgen, Utah, Denver. Saw the banks of Salt Lake – May 9 passing through the mountains and rocks along a river. Woke up at Colorado. There were many pine trees. – May 10 Nebraska—Omaha. Saw the Missouri River which is twice as wide as the Pasig River in its widest part – May 11 Chicago . The place is cultivated. Every cigar store has an Indian figure. – May 12 Niagara Falls – May 13 Albany. Hudson River which runs along carries many boats. – May 13 Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across the US. – He visited the scenic and historic places. – May 16, 1888 he left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome (the 2nd largest ship in the world, the largest being the Great Eastern) – He saw the colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island as his ship steamed out of New York Harbor – Rizal’s Impression of America (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy factories (2) the drive and energy of the American people (3) the natural beauty of the land (4) the high standard of living (5) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants – The bad impression: lack of racial equality. There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans talk so much but do not practice. EL FIILIBUSTERISMO – July 5, 1891 Rizal left Brussel for Ghent, a famous university city in Belgium – Reasons : the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels, to escape from the tempting attraction of Suzanne – Due to limited funds, Rizal lived in a cheap boarding house, with Jose Alejandro as a room mate. – F. Meyer-Van Loo Press, No. 66 Viaanderen Street —a publisher who was willing to print El Fili on installment basis – Rizal pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and the early partial payments during the printing of the novel – August 6, the printing had to be suspended for lack of funds – Valentin Ventura in Paris lent money so that the printing of the novel will continue – September 18, 1891, El Filibusterismo came off the press – Due to confiscation the price of the novel sky rocketed to 400 pesetas per copy – It was dedicated to the Gom-Bur-Za (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora) – The original manuscript was acquired by the Philippine Government from Valentin Ventura for P 10, 000. 00. It consist of 279 pages of long sheets of paper – Filibustero = rebel – Noli Me Tangere is a romantic novel. It is a work of the heart. A book of feeling while the Fili is a political novel; it is a work of the head—a book of the thought; it contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow. The women in Rizal’s Life | Segunda Katigbak and Leonor Valenzuela | | Segunda Katigbak was her puppy love. Unfortunately, his first love was engaged to be married to a town mate- Manuel Luz. After his admiration for a short girl | | in the person of Segunda, then came Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl from Pagsanjan. Rizal send her love notes written in invisible ink, that could only be | | deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade her a last goodbye. | | Leonor Rivera | | Leonor Rivera, his sweetheart for 11 years played the greatest influence in keeping him from falling in love with other women during his travel. Unfortunately, | | Leonor’s mother disapproved of her daughter’s relationship with Rizal, who was then a known filibustero. She hid from Leonor all letters sent to her sweetheart.| | Leonor believing that Rizal had already forgotten her, sadly consented her to marry the Englishman Henry Kipping, her mother’s choice. | | Consuelo Ortiga | | Consuelo Ortiga y Rey, the prettier of Don Pablo Ortiga’s daughters, fell in love with him. He dedicated to her A la Senorita C. O. y R., which became one of his| | best poems. The Ortiga’s residence in Madrid was frequented by Rizal and his compatriots. He probably fell in love with her and Consuelo apparently asked him | | for romantic verses. He suddenly backed out before the relationship turned into a serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did| | not want to destroy hid friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo. | | O Sei San | | O Sei San, a Japanese samurai’s daughter taught Rizal the Japanese art of painting known as su-mie. She also helped Rizal improve his knowledge of Japanese | | language. If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he would have married this lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in | | Japan because Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative job. | | Gertrude Beckett | | While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family, within walking distance of the British | | Museum. Gertrude, a blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting and | | sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with him. Before leaving London, he was able to finish the | | group carving of the Beckett sisters. He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of their brief relationship. | | Nellie Boustead | | Rizal having lost Leonor Rivera, entertained the thought of courting other ladies. While a guest of the Boustead family at their residence in the resort city of| | Biarritz, he had befriended the two pretty daughters of his host, Eduardo Boustead. Rizal used to fence with the sisters at the studio of Juan Luna. Antonio | | Luna, Juan’s brother and also a frequent visitor of the Bousteads, courted Nellie but she was deeply infatuated with Rizal. In a party held by Filipinos in | | Madrid, a drunken Antonio Luna uttered unsavory remarks against Nellie Boustead. This prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel. Fortunately, Luna apologized| | to Rizal, thus averting tragedy for the compatriots. | | Their love affair unfortunately did not end in marriage. It failed because Rizal refused to be converted to the Protestant faith, as Nellie demanded and | | Nellie’s mother did not like a physician without enough paying clientele to be a son-in-law. The lovers, however, parted as good friends when Rizal left Europe.| | Suzanne Jacoby | | In 1890, Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of living in Paris. In Brussels, he lived in the boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters. In time, | | they fell deeply in love with each other. Suzanne cried when Rizal left Brussels and wrote him when he was in Madrid. | | Josephine Bracken | | In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy disposition. | | She was Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically | | attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must have taken the measure of him and what could be a better diversion that to fall in love again. But the Rizal | | sisters suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they considered her as a threat to Rizal’s security. | | Rizal asked Josephine to marry him, but she was not yet ready to make a decision due to her responsibility to the blind Taufer. Since Taufer’s blindness was | | untreatable, he left for Hon Kong on March 1895. Josephine stayed with Rizal’s family in Manila. Upon her return to Dapitan, Rizal tried to arrange with Father | | Antonio Obach for their marriage. However, the priest wanted a retraction as a precondition before marrying them. Rizal upon the advice of his family and | | friends and with Josephine’s consent took her as his wife even without the Church blessings. Josephine later give birth prematurely to a stillborn baby, a | | result of some incidence, which might have shocked or frightened her. | | |