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Qualitative Research, 8 pages (2000 words)

Qualitative study on teenage pregnancies psychology essay

Introduction

A lot of prior research conveys warning over teenage pregnancy; this is due to ethnically and culturally explicit issues that make the UK dissimilar from other nations in the world. Lisa Arai, a well known psychologist in the field of adolescent pregnancies argues that, ‘ cross-national similarity that engages the UK is frequently insufficient, particularly in the light of the overriding literature which highlight’s ‘ technical/educational explanations’ (Arai 2003). Also whilst disregard more significant ‘’socio-demographic” determinants such as financial disproportion or little or no educational accomplishment and realization (cherry 2001). For example, the theory that TPRs (total psychical response) in and across all of Europe are completely connected with the fact that conception rates fail to notice that the low TPRs of a number of nations for instance Sweden are linked with that fact that there are very high abortion rates. In addition, Arai research implies that the reasons for lower TPRs in other countries is due to more sexual openness and possibly better sex education, are the main problem as it is not sure that these are the causes for the lower TPRs, ‘ also countries such as Italy, have low TPRs but have no sex education programmers in places such as, educational departments and school (Arai 2003). These countries are not typically incorporated in cross-national contrast with the UK. The final cause for the inadequate efficacy of cross-national comparisons, according to Arai ‘ the uniqueness of the UK in conditions of demography, discrimination and youth evolution’ (Arai 2003). Also the age of standard childbearing in UK is less than Western parts of Europe and consequently the bigger rate of childbearing amongst teenage women directly links to the age of childbearing across the populace. Additionally, due to the elevated levels of income disparity, teenage childbearing is given a variety of meanings due to immense differences in ecological surroundings (cherry 2001).

Relationships with fewer citizens’ for instance Sweden do not take into the fact of the better diversity of background in the UK. Each and every one the above pressure the way adolescent people move toward schooling, employment and relations, Arai disputes symbolize a nationwide circumstances of ‘’early maturing” (Arai 2003). Even though it is defensible to wrap up that there is not a single clarification for adolescent pregnancy (McCulloch, 2001); some of Arai’s disputes need to be carefully considered in the circumstance of immense unpredictability among countries with consideration to adolescent pregnancy, its reasons and the strategy’s about adolescent pregnancies.

Arai additional disputes that the more degree of sexual directness and the frequently connected senior quality of sex education in some EU nations such as Germany or Sweden do not essentially lead to condensed TPRs. study, on the other hand, shows that, ‘’to supply far stronger support for a connection among more openness, and enhanced sex education, and adolescent pregnancy than against it” (aria 2003) even when it comes to the UK.

A prior study by Ingham observed the twenty health establishment with the maximum TPRs in the UK plus an additional 20 health establishment with the lowly adolescent pregnancy rates throughout 1992. Their results signify that the health establishment with the lowly TPRs did very badly at plummeting or keeping their low TPRs than the health establishment with the advanced TPRs (Ingham 2001). This appeared to be because of the larger venture in services or program intended to eradicate adolescent pregnancy by health establishment that had high TPRs at the beginning of the research. These results support the dispute that adolescent pregnancy can be condensed by services exclusively planned to speak to the sexual health requirements of teenage populace.

This claim also seems to be sustained by the condition, although more teenage focused, that the decrease of Germany’s TPRs from 55. 5 adolescent delivery per one-thousand women below twenty in the 70s to 13. 1 per one-thousand women in 1998 (UNICEF 2001) correspond with the opening of an widespread and effectual sex education program from corner to corner in Germany (Cherry, 2001). In contrast, the UK merely condensed their TPR from 49. 4 – 30. 8 throughout the same time frame as Germany (UNICEF, 2001). In Germany the sex education program openly recognize the significance of adolescent sexuality as ‘ a fundamental part of teenage people’s identity’ (Foka 2003) and aim to provide teenage people the capability to ‘ articulate their sexuality in secure and hale and hearty way’ (Rugh 2001). In contrast, some study advocate that adolescent girls in the UK have a ‘ less urbanized sexual individuality and be deficient in some of the ability’s to administer sexual encounters’ (Rugh 2001).

Studies indicate that adolescent pregnancy can be condensed by bettering a country’s sexual ingenuousness and affiliation in regards to sex teaching (Rugh 2001). Some further study contrasted two magazines in America and in Germany to see and examine how the two publications aimed at teenagers deal with issue and information about teenager’s first experience such as intercourse, or adolescent pregnancy cases (carpenter 2001). They found that America publications were far less tolerant of untimely sexual initiation and further exorbitant of sex, at the same time as the open acknowledgement of adolescent sexuality in the German publications seem to replicate a better recognition of adolescent sexuality on an educational level also obvious in other communal material. In disparity, teenage publications in the UK seem to be more to spotlight on the risks of sex such as STD’s & contraception (Tincknell 2003).

These results propose that sexual outspokenness particularly on the educational level of a nation could well be connected to adolescent pregnancy, perhaps through its pressure on teenage people’s sexual conduct; Arai exemplifies that with regard to British, Italian and Dutch teenage men’s first sexual communication or interaction. While the superior sexual sincerity of the EU nations appear to offer teenage people with the perspective for relationship-based first sex, the contradictory seem to be the reason for nations differentiated by fewer sincerity for example UK, more in view and acknowledgment with the sexual conduct of teenage boys in EU nations such as Italy (Arai, 2003).

Arai (2003) persists that rule enforces (governing bodies) do not frequently contrast UK adolescent pregnancy rates to people in nation’s such as, for instance Spain or Greece due to the UK’s prominence on sexual awareness as a key issue in decreasing and monitoring adolescent pregnancy rates. despite the fact that disparity in priorities could clarify some of the disinclination to contrast the UK to these countries, it has to be said that in nations for instance Greece, Spain and Italy, pregnancies amongst women below twenty more often than not occur in a diverse context of early on marriage and are frequently customary by families, and governing body UNICEF, 2001).

One more of Arai’s argument is that the knowledge of other EU nations can’t be functional to the UK due to its individuality with regard to a diversity of socio economic and demographic issue’s leading to actions intended at amplifying and increasing openness on sex education merely being somewhat effectual in the UK.

Method

This research was done by a qualitative approach as oppose to quantities. ‘ Qualitative research is a process of investigation appropriated in a lot of diverse educational regulation’ (Denzin 2005), conventionally in the social sciences, but also used in research such as market research and additional contexts. Qualitative study aims to collect a thorough perceptive of human actions and the motives that preside over such actions. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather than large samples (Lincoln 2005).

Thematic Analysis is a process when using data that involves the formation and application of ‘ codes’ to information or statistics (Berelson 1952). The ‘ data’ being examined could take several forms such as; field notes, video footage, an interview transcript, photographs, or policy documents. There is a plain and simple links among this kind of psychoanalysis and Grounded hypothesis, as the last evidently lays out an outline for carrying out this kind of system (code) connected analysis. Correspondingly, ‘ a lot of Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis packages are intended to assist thematic coding and systems’ (Berelson 1952).

When doing this report no participants were necessary. All data was gathered from books journals, online journals, and some web publications. Also when conducting the procedure we were only supplied with reader’s comments as a baseline and no further data collection took place.

In this analysis section you can see a table which shows the percentage of teenage pregnancies by age, and financial statutes for both the UK and Germany.

The table points to that the association of socio economic status and adolescent pregnancy seems to be alike across nations. Undoubtedly study has exposed alike patterns of effects of dispossession on adolescent pregnancy interceded by job prospects in Germany. This advocates that this connection is not likely to be in the UK and that its consequence happens across other countries.

Discussion

These results considered Arai’s review of cross-cultural study on adolescent pregnancy that comprise the UK and entrenched it in a structure that unraveled a number of of her more general points, particularly with reference to the huge dissimilarity amongst diverse countries. This was done by concentrating on Germany as of its resemblance with the UK on more than a few key variables.

There are numerous support from the administration and government that suggests that, cross-national contrast of the UK with other EU nations can assist us realize significant influences on adolescent pregnancy for instance sexual openness and sex education (Ingham 2003).

It has to be supposed, on the other hand, that cross-cultural study usually has the prospective for a variety of, often procedural, drawbacks (Herk 2004). For instance, disparity in amassing information on adolescent abortions or pregnancies can make contrast among countries difficulties. In the UK, for example, information on abortion rates with regards to racial groups are not regularly composed (Kirby D. B 2007). As the UK has an extremely different ethnic composition, the diverse sexual viewpoints, values or actions of young people and their families from singular ethnic groups could pressure the rate of adolescent pregnancy and the achievement of proposals intended at plummeting its amounts on pregnancies.

In conclusion, there is no sole clarification for adolescent pregnancy which is sustained by study which highlights the many-sides of this observable fact (Arai2003). Additionally, a lot of issues are significant for cross-cultural study on adolescent pregnancy, for instance the requirement to consider demographics. On the other hand, a case diverse from cross-cultural study on adolescent pregnancy which consists of, UK’s need to be submissive with study giving emphasis to the value of such study (Rugh 2001). Even though the UK has an exclusive amalgamation of issues and influences in connection with adolescent pregnancy, there are nations as well as the EU which are well-matched for precious cross-cultural study on adolescent pregnancy as demonstrated withed Germany as an example to the UK.

References

Arai, L. (2003) ‘ British Policy on Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing: The Limitations of Comparisons with other European Countries’, Critical Social Policy

Bernard Berelson: Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press 1971 (first edition from 1952)

Carpenter, L. M. (2001) ‘ The First Time/Das Erstes Mal: Approaches to Virginity Loss in U. S. and German Teen Magazines’, Youth and Society

Cherry, A. L. (2001) ‘ Germany’, pp. 67-78 in A. L. Cherry, M. E. Dillon and D. Rugh (eds) Teenage Pregnancy: A Global View. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Denzin, Norman K. & Lincoln, Yvonna S. (Eds.). (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Foka, S. (2003) ‘ Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood in England and Greece’. Portsmouth: Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth.

Ingham, R., Clements, S. and Gillibrand, R. (2001) ‘ Factors Affecting Changes in Rates of Teenage Conceptions 1991 to 1997: Summary Bulletin’. Southampton: Centre for Sexual Health Research.

Kirby, D. B., Laris, B. A. and Rolleri, L. A. (2007) ‘ Sex and HIV Education Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People throughout the World’, Journal of Adolescent Health

McCulloch, A. (2001) ‘ Teenage Childbearing in Great Britain and the Spatial Concentration of Poverty Households’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

Tincknell, E., Chambers, D., Van Loon, J. and Hudson, N. (2003) ‘ Begging for It: “ New Femininities”, Social Agency, and Moral Discourse in Contemporary Teenage and Men’s Magazines’, Feminist Media Studies.

UNICEF (2001) A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations. Innocenti Report Card No. 3. Florence, Italy: United Nations Children’s Fund, Innocenti Research Centre.

Harjot S Mann

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