biologyThe young science of psychology devloped from the more established fields of philosophy and…
neuroscienceProfessor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ____________ perspective on depression.
behavior geneticsWhich perspective studies the relative contrivutions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences?
unconscious conflictsThe distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
behavioralWhich perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
providing therapy to troubled peopleClinical psychologists specialize in
psychiatristThe specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
exaggerate their abiity to have foreseen an outcomeThe hindsight bias refers to people’s tendency to
critical thinkingA questioning attitude regarding psychologists assaumptions and hidden values best illustrates
biological psychologyThe study of the links between physiology activity and psychological events is called
neuronsDendrites are branching extensions of
receive incoming signals from other neuronsThe function of dendrites is to
the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell bodyAn axon is
dendrites to the cell body to the axonIn transmitting sensory information to the brain, an elctrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.
myelin sheathThe speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a…
action potentiala brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
an all-or-none responseIncreasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. this indicates that a neuron’s reaction is…
junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuronA synapse is a
neurotransmittersThe chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called
axonNeurotrasmitters are released from the knoblike terminals at the end of the…
reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuronReuptake refers to the
endorphinsJose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of…
dopamineSchizophrenia is most cloely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter
acetylcholineAlzheimer’s disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neuronsthat produce
depressionAn undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to
peripheralThe two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems
the brain and the spinal cordThe central nervous system consists of
nervesInformation travels through axons that are bundled into the “ cables” that we call
sensory neuronsFor you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, _________ must first relay incoming pain messages from your ankle to your spinal cord.
the symphathetic nervous systemWhich division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations?
reflexA simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a
EEGAn amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain is called a
brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortexThe sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is…
medullaThe part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
thalamusWhich brain structure relays information fro the eyes to the visual cortex?
reticular formationWhich region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?
hippocampusWhich of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?
amygdalaTo demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat’s
hypothalamusThe brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the
parietalWhich lobes of the brain receive tha input that enables you to feel someone scratching your backi
temporalAuditory stimulation is first processed in the _______ lobes.
seeing; hearingThe occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to _________.
speaking fluentlyAfter Miguel’s recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca’s area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty
pronouncing words correctlyAfter Paul’s serious snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Wernick’s area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in
plasticityThe capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain
transmits infomation between the cerebral hemispheresThe corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that
epileptic seizuresNeurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
psychologyThe scientific study of behavior and mental process is the definition of
temperamentThe labels “ easy” “ difficult” and “ slow-to-warm-up” are used to refer to differences in an infant’s
independence; interdependenceIndividualism is to collectivism as ________ is to _________.
our awareness of ourselves and our environmentConsciousness is
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24 hours cycle. Circadian rhythm refers to
REM sleepFast and jerky movements of gthe eyes are especialy likely to be associated with
hallucinationsSensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
sleep spindlesThe rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are called
REM sleepGenital arousal is mostg likely to be associagted with
Stage 1Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with _______ sleep.
90 minutesThe human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
sleep patterns may be gentically influencedResearch on sleep patterns indicates that
promote obesity and impair memoryChronic sleep deprivation is likely to
insomniaA recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called
periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepinessNarcolepsy is a disorder involving
sleep apneaWhich of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessationsof breathing while asleep?
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivationREM rebound involves the
psychoactiveChemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called _____________ drugs
toleranceThe need to take larger and larger doses of a drug before experiencing its effects is an indicaton of
barbiturates and opiatesDepressants are drugs such as
neuroadaptationThe change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called
withdrawalThe discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called
physical dependencePhysical pain and intense cravings indicate
socialDevelopmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and _______ changes throughout the human life cycle.
zygote and finally develops into a fetusDuring the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a
alcoholOne of the most consistently damaging teratogens is
cheekMr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the
addictionCompusive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of
dopamineOne biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the _________ reward system.
biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experienceMaturation refers to
sensorimotorOlivia understand her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget’s ___________ stage.
theory of mindChloe can clearly sense when her sister’s teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a
stranger anxietyAt about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates
attachmentThe powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called
secure attachmentChildren’s sense that their parents ate trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of
authoritarianThe McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ______________ parents.
more responsiveComopared with authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be
the beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthoodAdolescence extends from
pubertyPeople experience rapid physical growth and sexual maturation during
male facial hairWhich of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
menarchePuberty is most closely related to the onset of
preconventionalAccording to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ______________ morality.
adolescentAccoding to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the
diminishing parental influence and growing peer influenceAdolescense is typically a time of
emerging adulthoodA development stage between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood is called
early adulthoodPhysical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during
the cessation of menstruationMenopause refers to
memoryAerobic exercise programs during late adulthood stimulate improvement in
crystallized intelligenceOlder people’s capacity to learn and remember meaningful material does not decline as much as their capacity to learn and remember meaningless material. This best illustrates the value of
deathThe terminal decline phenomenon involves a decrease in mental ability that accompanies the approach of
middle adulthoodPeople have been most likely to describe themselves as a “ sandwich generation” during their
their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorceAfter living together for a year, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohavitation most strongly suggest that
integrityAbner, a 70 year old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of
Personality is best defined as an individual’scharacteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
The belief that some distressing physical symptoms made no neurological sense contributed most directly toFreud’s interest in unconscious conflicts
free associationWhich of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attemp to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patient’s symptoms?
id; superegoThe pleasure principle is to the _________ as the reality principle is to the _________
generates feeling of guiltThe superego is the part of personality that
psychoanalysisFreud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques
empatheticAccording to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and
self-actualizationAccording to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one’s potential is the motivation for
trait dimensionsThe Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic
conscientiousnessWhich of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined in managing his or her work?
social-cognitiveAn interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of the ___________ perspective.
social-cognitive perspectiveWhich perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism
an external locus of controlJulio believes that no matter how hard he works, the “ system” is so biased against his ethnic group tha he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio’s thinking most clearly demonstrates
self-actualizationWhich of the following terms is used to describe the study of positive emotions, desirable character traits, and enabling communities?
antisocialOngoing pattrns of behavior that interfere with normal day to day life are best characterized as
medical modelThe conceptionof psychological disoders as biologically based sickness is known as the
the interactive influences of nature and nurture on substance abuseA biopsychological approach to sustance abuse would be most likely to emphasize
identify/diagnoseA psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-IV-TR in order to _________ various psychological disorders.
26Researcheers recently estimated that approximately ___________ percent of adult Americans had suffered a clinically significant psychological disorder in a given year.
mood disordersPsychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes are called
depressionThe number one reason people seek mental health services is
two weeksMajor depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least
bipolar disorderMania is most likely to be experienced by those suffering
depressionCompared with men, women are much more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from
schizophreniaWhich group of severe disorders is characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions?
hallucianationsFalse beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia includes
paranoidMr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was putting poison in the employees coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely sufferign from _______ schizophrenia.
residualSymptoms of withdrawal follwoing the siappearance of hallucianation and delusions are most indicative of ______ schizophrenia
cerebral tissueAn abnormal shrinkage of ________ is most likely to be associated with schizophrenia
prenatal viral infectionsEvidence suggests that _______ contribute(s) to schizophrenia
a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousalA generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by
a panic attackWhile he was studying, Matthew was suddently overwhelmed by feeling of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from
phobiasIncapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety-producing situations is most indicative of certain
social phobiaAn incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the indicative of certain
generalized anxiety disorderSadie is so faearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety tha she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she working at home. Sadie’s behavior is most charactic of
obsesive-compulsive disorderThe billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of
obsession; compulsionRepeatedly thinking about your own death is to _________ as reapeatedly washing your hands is to ___________.
teens and young adultsThe incidence of OCD is greatest among
PTSDThe social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle-scarred war veterans best illutrate symptoms of
post-traumatic stress disorderTwo yyears after being brutally beaten and raped, Brianna still experiences jmpy anxiety and has trouble sleeping and vivid flashbacks of her assault. Brianna is most clearly showing signs of
somatoform disorderA psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physicl cause is a
dissociativeDisruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are most characteristic of _________ disorders.
a masssive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousnessThe experience of multiple personalities is most likely to be characterized by
personalityPsychologycal disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called______ disorders.
their own self-importanceThose with narcissistic personality disorder are likey to be preoccupied with
a lack of guilt feelingsAntisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by
antisocial personality disorderTher term psychopath has been used to refer to an individual with
dramatic, attention-getting behaviorsThose with a histrionic personality disorder are most likely to display
schizoidOne cluster of personality disorders marked by noticeably odd or eccentric behavior is exaemplified by the _______ personality disorder.
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experienceAccording to the text, learning involves
learning associationsConditioning is the process of
classical conditioningPets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
PavlovThe first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by
behavioristJohn B. Watson considered himself to be an
neutral stimulusIn classical conditioning a stiulus that elicits no response before conditionning is called
the presentation of food in the dog’s mouthIn Pavlov’s experiments on the salivry conditioning of dogs the US was
unconditioned responseIn Pavlov’s experiments the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was an
conditioned responseIn Pavlov’s experiments the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was
extinctionMakayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone.
reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditoned responseSpontaneous recovery refers to the
genralizationToddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles.
discriminationThe ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called
cognitive processesNikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggest that associative learning involves
biological predispositionsGarcia and Koelling’s studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by
so many different species of animls, including humans can be classically conditionedPavlov’s researh on classical conditioning was important because
may be produced through classical conditioningWatson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
generalizationAfter learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustates the process of
operant conditoningIn which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
the law of effectB. F. Skinner’s work elborated what technology tha included a procedure known as
shapingSkinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as
delayed reinforcementFive-year- old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
reinforcerAn event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is an
positve reinforcerAny stimulus that, when presented after a response , strengthens the response is called
increase; increasePositive reinforcers _______ the rate of operant responding and negative
negativeMason, a stckbroker runs two miles every day after work becuase it redues his level of stress. Mason’s running havit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
conditonedA stimulus that acquires reinforcing powe by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ______ reinforcer.
conditioned reinforcerAlex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. the money was an
continous reinforcement follwed by partial reinforcementA response is learned most rapidly most resistant to extinctio if it is acquired under conditions of
intermittentresistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _______ reinforcement.
parital reinforcementThe way sot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
specified number of responses have been madeA fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is renforced only after an
fixed-ratioBlake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rahter than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
higher; higherRates of operant responding are __________ for fixed- ratio than for fixed-interval schedules they are __________ for vaiable-ratio than for vaiable-interval schedules.
variable-ratioPurchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a _______ schedule
fixed-intervalAn executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learnned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a __________schedule.
punishmentMyron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effect of
aversive; pleasantPositve punishment is the introduction of an _______ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of an___________ stimulus following a behavior.
have all of these resultsThe use of physicl punishment may
continue shopping while ignoring Hakim’s tantrumsWhen grocery shopping with his mother 4 yr old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent training experts would suggest that his mother should
Pavlov; SkinnerThe study of respndent behavior is to_______ as the study of operant behavior is to ____________
observational learningOur avilitgy to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates
modelingJeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of
observationl learningMirror neurions provide a biological basis for
mirror neuronsChildren are helped by ______ to develop a theory of mind.
mirror neuron activityThe reduced imitative yawining displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of
BanduraWho highlight the importance of observational learning?
prosocial behaviorAlex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtred his own youger siblings. this best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting
predictsCorrelational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence __________ increased rates of violent behavior.
the violence-viewing effectDesensitization and imitation are tow factors that contribute to
