Philippine history reviewer part un

PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER PART UN CHAPTER 1: PHILIPPINES OUR PRIDE LOCATION AND AREA Philippines * Islands — 7, 107 * Total land area — 115, 830 mi2 * Bodies of water * East — Pacific Ocean * West — South China Sea * Largest Islands * Luzon (40, 530 mi2) * Mindanao (36, 670 mi2) * Other major islands (largest to smallest) * Samar * Negros * Palawan * Panay * Mindoro * Leyte * Cebu * Bohol * Masbate * Northern most part — Y’Ami in Batanes * Southern most part — Saluag in Tawi-Tawi GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY Coastline * 17, 468. 5 km (2x as long as the coastline of US) * Third country with the longest combined coastlines * Most strategic location for commerce Plains * The Central Plain — largest lowland area in the country and known as the rice granary of the Philippines * Cagayan Valley — the leading tobacco-producing region in Asia * Agusan — Davao Plain provide major * Cotabato Valley source of sustenance in Mindanao Volcanoes * Mayon Volcano — nearly perfect cone — derived from Bicolano term “ Magayon” (beautiful) * Iraya (Batanes) * Taal (Batangas) * Banahaw (Quezon) * Apo (Davao del Sur) * Makaturing (Lanao del Sur) * Hibok-Hibok (Camiguin) Mountains * Caraballo del Sur — consists of the Central and Northern Cordillera — highest peak at the intersection of the boundaries of Abra, Ilocos Norte, Cagayan * Sierra Madre — also known as the Pacific Coast Range — longest continuous range in the Philippines * Caraballo de Baler — extends from Baler, Aurora to the San Bernandino Strait * Tagaytay and Zambales Range * Mt. Halcon (Mindoro) * Kanlaon Volcano (Negros) * Diwata Mountains * Central Range of Mindanao Rivers * Rio Grande de Cagayan main river * Agno River systems in Luzon * Chico, Abra, Pampanga, Bicol (Luzon) * Rio Grande de Mindanao — largest river system * Agusan (Mindanao) * Pasig (Manila) * Jaland and Panay (Panay) * Underground River of St. Paul’s Natural Park (Palawan) — one of the world’s longest subterranean rivers ANIMAL AND PLANT RESOURCES * 60 species of bats, 3 species of deer, 5 species of monkeys, 750 species of birds, 25, 000 species of insects, 2, 000 species of fishes * Unique animals * Monkey-eating Eagle (Philippine Eagle) * Peacock pheasant — only found in Palawan * Parrot * Tarsier — smallest monkey on earth; found only in Bohol * Pilandut/Pilanduk (mouse deer) — smallest deer in the world; found only in Balabac island of Palawan * Tamaraw — cross breed of carabao and deer; found only in Mindoro * 10, 000 species of angiosperms and gymnosperms, 1, 000 species of orchids * Notable flowering plants * sampaguita, cadena de amor, jasmin, calachuchi, gumamela, ilang-ilang, rose, aurora * Waling-waling — most famous orchid discovered in Davao by a German collector NATURAL RESOURCES * Agricultural products * rice, corn, coconut, hemp (abaca), sugar cane, copra, tobacco, banana, sweet potato (camote) * Industries: Farming, Livestock, Fishing * 3, 000 species of trees * Greatest demand: apitong, guiho, white and red lauan, ipil, tanguile, tindalo, yakal, narra, Philippine mahogany (molave) MINERAL RESOURCES Gold * Leading producers: Mt. Province, Masbate, Mindanao Copper * Leading producers: Cebu, Mt. Province, Albay, Negros, Samar, Zambales Iron * Leading producers: Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Marinduque, Samar, Nickel * Leading producer: Surigao del Norte Chromite * Leading producer: Zambales Coal * Leading producer: Mindoro, Masbate, Cebu, Sorsogon Marble * Mindoro, Romblon, Palawan Potential Oil Mines * Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Masbate, Leyte, Samar, Cagayan, coastal areas of Mindanao and Sulu NATIONAL DISTINCTIONS & REGIONAL DIVISIONS *see book for complete outline CHAPTER II: PREHISTORIC PHILIPPINES THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE PHILIPPINES 1. Remnant of a lost continent called Mu or Lemuria 2. Pacific/Magnetic Theory — eruptions of volcanoes 3. Asiatic Theory — part of Continental Asia I — ice melted thus submerging the land bridges that connected the Philippines to mainland Asia *Dr. Fritjof Voss maintained that the Philippines was never a part of mainland Asia. The resulting violent earthquakes caused the land mass NAMES GIVEN TO THE PHILIPPINES * Mai/Mayi — land of barbarians * Chin-sun * Liu-sung — land adjacent to the mainland * Filipinas — 1543 * Pearl of the Orient Seas — given by Jose Rizal THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS Dawn Man * Term was coined by Professor H. Otley Beyer * Came about 2, 500, 000 BC during the Ice Age by way of land bridges * Cousin of Java man, Beijing man and other earliest men in Asia * Lived by means of gathering, fishing, and hunting Tabon Man * Oldest human fossil found in the Philippines * Stone Age Filipino about 22, 000 years old (relic was found by Dr. Robert B. Fox, inside the Tabon Cave in Palawan) * Manunggul — a burial jar with a lid carved with two figures of two men paddling a boat toward the after life Negritos * Came 25, 000 years ago from mainland Asia * Borneo was the land of origin * “ aborigines” of the Philippines * Known as Aetas today * Physical appearance: short, with a height of below 5 ft., black skin, dark kinky hair, round black eyes, flat noses, small hands and feet * Paleolithic people * Live by hunting, fishing, gathering wild fruits and roots * Clothing: bahagues (men), tapisse (women) * No community life, but have their own folktales, legends, songs, dances, musical instruments, religious rites Indonesians * First sea immigrants * Mongoloid race with Caucasian features * Came 3, 000 years ago * Physical appearance: tall (5’6″ — 6’2″) * Type A: tall and slender with light complexion, thin lips and face, broad and high forehead, deep set eyes * Type B: shorter in height, bulkier in body, darker in color, large rectangular faces * Lived in houses w/ pyramidal roofs and wooden frames (for protection) * Live by hunting, fishing * Kaingin system — dry agriculture * Clothing: beaten bark w/ fine printed designs * Cooked food in bamboo tubes * Weapons: bows and arrows, spears, blowguns (sumpit) * Dog — domesticated animal Malays * Came between 200BC-300AD * The first discoverers and colonizers of the Pacific World * Reached the Philippines through balangays (sailboats) * Diverse current of migration (hence, diversity of Philippine language) * Migratory Waves * Head-hunting – Bontoks, Ilongots, Ifugaos, Kalingas, tinggians, other head-hunting tribes of Luzon * Alphabet-using – Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Bicolanos, Kapampangans, other Christian Filipinos * Muslim – Mindanao, Sulu – introduced Islam to the Philippines – physical appearance: brown complexion, medium, slender bodies, straight black hair, dark brown eyes, low noses * Iron Age Culture * Introduced system of irrigation, domestication of animals, manufacture of metal tools, pottery, weaving, Malayan heritage * Tattooed bodies and betel nut chewers * Clothing: dresses of woven fabric w/ jewels of gold, pearls, beads, and colored stones * Weapons: bows and arrows, spears, bolos, daggers, krises (swords), sumpit (blowguns), shields and armors, lantakas (bronze cannons) OTHER INFLUENCES Indians * Relations with Indian empires of Sri-Vijaya and Majapahit were commercial and cultural Cultural Influences * Language — 25% of the words in Tagalog are Sanskrit terms; dala, asawa, diwa, puri, lakambini, wika * Ancient religious beliefs — names of gods and heroes are of Indian origin (e. g. Bathala) * Literature — derived from India (e. g. Biag-ni-Lam-ang, Darangan, Ilim and Hudhud) * Customs * Placing of sampaguita around visitor’s neck * Dowry giving * Showering the newlyweds with rice grains * Going to s pilgrimage for fertility * Cord and the veil used in wedding ceremony Chinese * Chinese explorers visited the Philippines because of the lure of gold Cultural Influences * Place great importance on family; Respect for elders * Arranged marriages * Noodle dishes (e. g. pancit) * Use of slippers and umbrellas * Use of silver and other commercial metals, manufacture of gun powder, art of metallurgy, porcelain * Language — e. g. sangko, pansit, susi Arabs * Promulgated Islam through Muslim traders, preachers and holy men Introduction of Islam * Mukdum — Arab teacher who arrived in Sulu to preach Islam * Raja Baginda — a prince from Menangkabaw, Sumatra led an army of Muslim invaders to Sulu * Sayid Abu Bakr — Muslim leader from Palembang, Sumatra who married Princess Paramisuli (daughter of R. Baginda) * Sharif Kabungsuan — from Jahore Malasya, led the Muslim conquest of mainland Mindanao Islamic Way of Life * Sultan — served as both political and religious leader, protector, and defender of Islam — called “ Zillulah fil-ard” (shadow of God on earth) Islam’s Influences * Transplantation of Islam (way of life in Mindanao) * Muslim society as Bangsa Tungga (single nation); gave a religious character to their nationalism and patriotism * The calendar, laws, form of government, art, literature of Muslim-Filipinos * Language — alam, sulat, salamat, hukom, piklat CHAPTER III: PRE-SPANISH FILIPINO LIFE AND CULTURE SETTLEMENT Barangay — small-scattered settlements — social unit Communities * Coastal or near coastal in orientation because principal sources of food came from the rivers * Higher degree of development * Headed by a datu (patriarchal head of the family) Houses * Built of bamboos, woods, nipas * Tree houses — for protection * Boathouses (Badjaos and Samals) Members * Related with one another by blood or marriage * Kinship, common interest — basis for community cohesion *balangay -> barangay (due to absence of “ r”) GOVERNMENT Datu — administrative leader of the community — attains his position by: * Inheritance * Wisdom * Physical strength * Wealth — considered chief executive, legislator, judge, commander-in-chief of the military — gets assistance from elders on matters such as: * Promulgation of laws * Investigation of disputes * Declaration of war * Negotiation of treaties with other barangays Blood compact / sanduguan — ceremony consisted of drawing blood from the arms of parties, mixing this with a cup of wine and drinking the mixture as a sign of brotherhood LAWS * Made by the datu with the help of the council of elders Customary laws — consisted of the customs of the ancestors which were handed down by mouth from one generation to the next Written laws — those that the datu and the elders promulgated from time to time as needed — written laws that survived: * Maragtas Code — written by Datu Sumakwel * Code of Kalantiaw — written by Rajah Kalantiaw *Henry Scott disputed the authenticity of these codes Umalohokan — barangay crier JUSTICE SYSTEM * All trials are held publicly * Barangay court — composed of the datu as the chief judge andthe elders as its members * Civil cases -> presentation of evidences and witnesses * Criminal cases -> trial by ordeal * Boiling water ordeal — he who refused to pick the hot stone/ whose hand is most seriously injured is the culprit SOCIAL CLASSES AND WOMEN’S POSITIONS Upperclass — datus — gat or lakan (datus of Tagalogs); dayang-dayang (wife of datu) Gentlemen — Maharlikas and Timawas — don’t pay taxes or tribute — fight during war — help the datu in building his house in exchange for food Commoners — aliping namamahay — householders who serve a lord — have their own private properties Slaves — aliping saguiguilid — householders who serve a lord in the lord’s house or farm — one becomes a slave by: * Birth * Inheritance * Captivity in war * Non-payment of debt * Commission of crime * Purchase *one becomes a freeman by: * Purchase * Marriage * Paying one’s master * Voluntary action of master for freedom Women * Occupy a high position in society * Equal with men * Could inherit property, engage in trade, succeed to the leadership of a barangay (if mail heir is absent) MARRIAGE CUSTOMS * Usually occurs within their own ranks in society * Pre-marriages and giving of dowry of the groom to the bride’s family * Forms of dowry: * Bigay-kaya — giving of giftsin the form of gold, land, money, slaves, or anything of value * Panghimuyat — a sum of money given to the bride’s mother for rearing the bride * Bigay-susu — a sum of money given to the nursing mother during the bride’s infancy * Humaram — a sum of money given to the bride’s parents for the cost of bringing her up * Pamamalad — final arrangement of the marriage * Marriages are dissolved for the ff. grounds: * Adultery on the part of the wife * Desertion on the part of the husband * Cruelty * Insanity RELIGIOUS AND FOLK BELIEFS Bathala — supreme god — created heaven, man, and earth Anitos or Diwatas — idols whom they offer prayers and food sacrifices (maganito) to; perfomed by priests/priestesses (babaylan, bayalana, katalona) Larawan or Likha — idols in keeping memory of their departed loves ones Heaven Hell Kaluwalhatian Kasamaan Evil Spirits * Kapre, tikbalang, duwende, engkantada, sirena, aswang, mangkukulam EDUCATION STANDARDS Both were taught: Reading, writing, arithmetic, music, religion, tribal customs Parents — first teachers Art * Manifested in bahay-kubo style of house * Tattooing Science * Herbal Medicine * Engineering (irrigation, rice terraces, forts) ECONOMIC LIFE Agriculture * Main industry of pre-Spanish Philippines * Methods of cultivation: * Kaingin system — burning of tress to clear the land and plant another seed as replacement * Tillage through cultivation of the soil * Irrigation Other industries * Fishing * Mining * Gold — principal mineral * Minor industries: animal raising, boat building, wine manufacture, lumbering LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING * Language is of Austronesian origin * Areas near the rivers were the most literate because script was utilized to note down trade transactions * Evidences of Filipino writing: * Silver paleograph (Butuan) * Earthen pot (Calatagan, Batangas) * Copper plate (Laguna de Bay) MUSIC, DANCES, AND LITERATURE * Musical instruments: cymbals (platiles), nose flutes, bamboo mouth organs, harps (subbing) * Oral literature: * Myth — tells about the creation of the world * Legends (alamat) — tells about the origin of man, plants, animals, places * Songs (awit) — tells about the things and events of everyday life * Proverbs (salawikain) — wise sayings * Riddles (bugtong) — guessing game * Prayers * Maxims (sabi) — kind of play representing and criticizing local customs ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE * Decorated their houses with gold * Typhoon-proof houses * Rice terraces CHAPTER IV: SPANISH EXPEDITION AND COLONIZATION REASONS FOR COMING TO THE PHILIPPINES Three major aims: 1. To spread Christianity 2. Economic wealth 3. Political grandeur GOD G GOLD GLORY Other reasons: 1. The trade of Europe with Asia 2. The need for new trade routes to Asia 3. The impetus provided by the European exploration and discoveries in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Three trade routes between Asia and Europe: * Southeastern * Southwestern * Northern Capture of the Christian city of Constantinople * By Muslim Turks on May 29, 1453 * Led to the discovery of new trade routes * Turks were in a position then to control European trade with Asia Rivalry of Portugal and Spain * Portugal was the first to send trade expeditions to Asia under Prince Henry (“ Navigator”) * Vasco de Gama reached Calicut, India by sailing around Cape of Good Hope * Portugal became the first European nation to reach Asia by sailing around the southern tip of the African Continent. * Spain sent Christopher Columbus on October 12, 1492 to cross the Atlantic Ocean and reach America, Brazil, Panama, and Pacific Ocean. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS * Portugal -> expansion in Asia * Spain -> expansion in America * Issuance of two papal decrees (Inter caetera and Eximiae Devotionis) by Pope Alexander VI on May 3, 1493 — east of the demarcation line belongs to Portugal; west of the demarcation line belongs to Spain * Joaõ II protested because of violation of rights given to Portugal -> demarcation line was reset to 370 leagues farther * Treaty of Tordesillas was approved on June 7, 1948 * Provisions of the treaty: * Another demarcation line was drawn. All lands west belong to Spain; all lands east belong to Portugal. * No ships were to be sent for the purpose of trade to the lands belonging to the opposite country. MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE Ferdinand Magellan — Portuguese sailor and soldier who renounced his loyalty to Portugal when King Manuel I ignored his services rendered in the possession of Africa, India, Malacca — went to Spain with the help of Diego Barbosa (his father-in-law) and Don Juan de Aranda (influential head of the Spanish-India house of trade) — explained to King Charles I that he could reach the Moluccas by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean Magellan’s Journey * 265 crew * Ships: Victoria (flagship), Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago * Construction of ships: 1 ½ years to complete 1. San Lucar de Barrameda (Sept. 20, 1519) 2. Great Canaria (3 ½ days of stay) 3. Cape Verde (60 days of stay) (Oct 3, 1519) 4. Verzin — supply stop (13 days of stay) 5. Santa Maria (cannivali/cannibals) 6. Port of Santo Juliano (5 months of stay) — placed cross of Monte de Cristo ~~~~~~~~~MUTINY of Cartagena~~~~~~~~~ 7. Brazil (December 6, 1519) 8. Bay of Rio de Janeiro (December 13, 1519) 9. Strait w/ troubled waters (later named Magellan strait)(Oct. 21, 1520) — desertion of San Antonio 10. Pacific Ocean (Nov. 28, 1520) 11. Cape Deazeao 12. Ladroni (March 7, 1521) 13. Zamal (March 16, 1521) 14. Humuno/Homonhon -> Watering Place of Good Signs -> Archipelago of St. Lazarus 15. Suluan Islands (March 19, 1521) FIRST MASS * Magellan left Homonhon on March 26 and reached Limasawa on March 29. * Casicasi (brotherhood relation) with Rajah Kulambu (leader of Limasawa) aboard the Victoria * Friendship with Siagu (brother of Kulambu) by blood compact * First mass held on March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderama * Plantation of large cross on top of a hill IN CEBU * Blood compact with Raja Humabon (leader of Cebu) * April 15, 1521 — mass was held converting 800 Cebuanos to Christianity * Humabon -> Carlos (Christian name) * Juana (Humabon’s wife) — first queen to espouse the Catholic faith; given an image of the Holy Infant of Jesus BATTLE OF MACTAN * Quarrel between Raja Sula and Raja Lapu-Lapu because of Lapu-Lapu’s refusal to recognize the king of Spain * April 27, 1521 — Magellan’s invasion of Mactan * Filipinos, armed with bolos and krises defended the freedom of the Philippines * Led to the death of Magellan THE MACTAN MASSACRE * Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano — commanders in place of Magellan, but were killed during the massacre * May 2, 1521 — feast held Cebu when the massacre happened * Reason for the massacre: Spaniards robbed Cebuanos and raped Cebu women * Victoria, under Elcano’s command sailed back to Spain via Cape of Good Hope; Trinidad, under Gomez de Espinosa crossed the Pacific to Panama SIGNIFICANCE OF MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE * This paved way for the Spanish colonization and Christianization of the Philippines * Paved way for the contact between the Philippines and the Western Civilization OTHER SPANISH EXPEDITIONS LOAISA EXPEDITION * July 24, 1525 * Leader: Fray Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (died in mid-ocean Jul. 30, 1526) -> Del Cano (died) -> Zarquizano * Reached Mindanao and anchored at a port called Bizaya; reached Moluccas but Portuguese refused to let them pass * Anchored at Port of Tidore waiting for assistance CABOT EXPEDITION * April 3, 1526 * Leader: Sebastian Cabot * Had mutinies and discouragement * Returned to Spain on Aug 1530 * FAILURE SAAVEDRA EXPEDITION * November 1, 1527 * Leader: Alvaro de Saavedra (died at sea on Oct 9, 1529) * Mission was to engage trade relations with Cebuanos and pay ransoms to captured Spaniards in Cebu * Ransomed two survivors; landed at Tidore but were captured by Portuguese Treaty of Zaragosa * April 22, 1529 * King Charles I of Spain sold his right over the Moluccas to Portugal for 350, 000 gold ducats * Portugal bought what it already earned by treaty VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION * Reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543 * Leader: Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (died on April 4, 1546) * Reached Tandaya and met Makandala (chieftain of the place) * Named Samar and Leyte “ Felipinas” in honor of Prince Felipe II of Asturias * Went to Moluccas but was captured by the Portuguese LEGASPI EXPEDITION * Reached Cebu on Feb 13, 1565 * Leader: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi * Purpose was to make a survey of the trade in spicesw/o entering the territories of Portugal * 358 crew w/ 6 Augustinian missionaries * Reached Tandaya on Feb 22; sailed forward on Mar 9 * Sikatuna and Sagala — two kings of Bohol who were hostile at first but performed blood compact later on (Mar 16, 1565) * Sent the San Pedro ship under Fr. Andres de Urdaneta back to Mexico to report the success of the expedition Conquest and Settlement of Cebu and Panay Sugbo (Cebu) — important crossroad of pre-colonial Southeast Asian trade Villa San Miguel — settlement founded by Legaspi after Juan de Camuz’ discovery of the image of the infant Jesus Villa de Santissimo Nombre de Jesus June 4, 1565 — Legaspi and Tupas signed a peace treaty Fort San Pedro — Spanish settlement Conspiracy of Pablo Hernandez — shortage of food that led to the second settlement of Legaspi in Panay First Expedition to Manila Salcedo and Martin de Goiti — sent by Legaspi to explore Manila Manila — civilized outpost of islam ruled by Rajah Sulayman (last Filipino king of Manila) located at the south bank where Fort Santiago stands Rajah Lakandula — Rajah Sulayman’s uncle *Legaspi was promoted Governor-General by the King of Spain May 16, 1571 — Legaspi reached Manila; Lakandula welcomed him Finding a new city Battle of Tondo — battle between Rajah Sulayman and Legaspi where Sulayman was defeated *Legaspi made Manila the capital of the country and established the city government (ayuntamiento) The Conquest of Luzon Goiti -> explored Central Luzon Salcedo -> explored southern part Vigan -> Villa Fernandina REASON FOR THE EASY CONQUEST OF THE PHILIPPINES BY SPAIN 1. The Filipinos were disunited. 2. The Spanish invaders have agreat leader, Legaspi, who won the people’s friendship and trust. 3. In spite of their eagerness to defend their territory and freedom, the Filipinos couldn’t win against the superior weapons of the invaders. 4. The role and contribution of the missionaries in preaching the religion of mercy of Christianity also facilitated the spread of colonization. CHAPTER V: SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT * Under the general control of the Council of Indies * From 1565 — 1821 the country was ruled by a Mexican viceroy * Government -> highly centralized * Two branches: executive and judicial * The laws passed in Spain including royal decrees were extended to the Philippines * Executive powers -> exercised by governor-general * Judicial powers -> exercised by Royal Audiencia, and lower civil courts THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL * King’s official representative to the Philippines * Exercised executive, judicial, military, religious, and a little legislative * Carries out the royal decrees * Legislative powers -> promulgation of executive orders called superior decrees for the benefit of the administration * Veto power/cumplase -> suspension or discharge of the effectivity of a law or royal decree (even if it is from Spain) * Religious powers -> right to assign priests to any parish in the Philippines ADVISORY BODIES * Junta de Autoridades (Board of Authorities) — advices on matters of great importance * Consejo de Administracion (Council of Administration) — consultative body whose function is to study the government’s budget and the question of royal patronage CHECKS AND SUCCESSION TO THE GOVERNOR- GENERAL Extensive powers are being checked by: 1. Royal Audiencia 2. Residencia — special court that conducts public investigation and trial of outgoing colonial officials to ascertain if they had committed abuses in the performance of their duties 3. Archbishop and civil officials 4. Visitador — a secret investigation of an official’s acts as a public servant; makes sure officials do their job efficiently Succession * In times of death and incapacity, the Royal Audiencia takes over * After the British occupation, the office of lieutenant governor was created to take charge of the office of that governor-general * Later on the succession was passed on to the army general next in command (General Segundo Cabo) * Absence of the army general, the admiral of the navy would act as gov-gen. (e. g. Federico Lobaton, Jose Malcampo) The Royal Audiencia * Highest court of justice * Established on 1583 and began functioning ong 1584 * Performed executive, legislative, and administrative functions * “ autos acordados” — laws passed by the Audiencia * Abolished during the time of Governor-General Gomez Perez Dasmariñas; re-established during the time of Governor-General Tello de Guzman * two district audiencias: one in Cebu, one in Vigan PROVINCIALGOVERNMENT * alcaldias — civil provinces; pacified regions headed by an alcalde mayor * corregimientos — military provinces; unpacified regions headed by corregidores MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT * headed by a gobernadorcillo known as capitan * assisted by deputies (tenientes), a chief of police, subordinate officials (alguaciles) CITY GOVERNMENT * first city -> Cebu (1569); second city -> Manila (1571) * ayuntamiento — city government headed by alcaldes ordinaries (mayor and vice-mayor), regidores (councillors), a secretary, alguaciles (sheriffs) UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE * The royal authority over the Spanish church was based on patronato real * The power of religious ordersremained one of the great constants, over the centuries, of Spanish colonial rule * The friar-curate was the virtual ruler of each town. RELIGIOUS ORDERS * The friars in the Philippines had the privilege to own land in their parishes for their support * Responsible for education and health measures, kept the census of tax records, supervised the selection of local police and town officers, and were responsible for maintaining public morals ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM * “ encomenda” — to commend or to charge to one’s care * a definite number of inhabitants of a territory were entrusted to the care of an encomiendero * encomienderos have the power to collect tribute and to use the personal services of the inhabitants of the encomiendas BUT they are supposed to look after the welfare of natives and to give them some education * collection of tribute of eight reales annually from people between ages of 19 and 60 FORCED LABOR * Polo y servicio – ages 16 — 60 except chieftains and their eldest sons were required to serve for 40 days each year in a labor pool * Payment of ¼ real a day plus rice to each polista THE TRIBUTE * Extracted to finance the expeditions of Spain against her enemies * Tribute collectors — alcaldes mayors, encomienderos, gobernadorcillos, cabezas * The amount of tribute required more from the original 8 reales to 12 in 1851 THE BANDALA * Instituted by Gov. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera * Assignment of annual quotas to each province for the compulsory sale of products to the government