4000 Words Essay Samples

Sources of finance assignment

Secondly, I assess the implications of the different sources of finance to Vale Filters related to risk, legal, financial and dilution of control and bankruptcy. Ordinary share is a kind of share in a company which gives the owner the right to a dividend that is the money paid to the shareholders according to how →

The real time fashion photography studio marketing essay

The staff of Real-Time Fashion Photography will travel to the location prior to the portfolio session to select an area that will be the best suited for the session and will most acceptable to the model. If the location selected for the photo session will be in a public park, the model, not Real-Time Fashion →

Impact of ict on country development

In the next chapter the proposed establishment of a national regulatory authority is discussed showing: types of regulatory bodies, the role of regulatory authority which will include among others; monitoring use of frequency spectrum, approval of communication equipment, Management frequency spectrum, protection of consumers, licensing and pricing of telecommunications operators, managing Internet protocol addresses and →

On political parties of bang assignment

To run the party according to the constitutional procedure and abide by the respective constitution of the party is institutionalizing. The greater the number and variety of sub-units, the greater the ability of the organization to secure and maintain the loyalties of its members.

Business plan of a new beverage company essay sample

The plan is to process and market the high-quality sugarcane and coconut-water juice. The cane is received at the mill and prepared for extraction of the juice.

Use of celebrity endorsements for non-profit advertising

Organisation-Celebrity Match Before finalising on a celebrity endorsement, it is crucial that the intention of the endorsement and the celebrity chosen for the endorsement align. Potential Hazards of a Celebrity Endorsement When endorsing a product/brand/campaign, the product, not the celebrity, must be the star, therefore it is important that organisations consider the potential hazards when →

A review of gap inc management essay

The report starts by undertaking a review of the Company's and industry operations and Value Chain and associated issues. This is with a reason that current CR practices in the four areas Supply Chain, Environment, Employees and Community Commitment are not efficient to guarantee the success of efforts, seemingly disconnected from the Company strategy and →

Indias reservations and declarations to core human rights conventions international law essay

The object and purpose test The landmark advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice, Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, laid down that reservations are impermissible if they are against the object and purpose of the treaty. When a State objecting to a reservation has not →

Air asia advertising types assignment

Another effectiveness of AirAsia advertising is through its website and focus on the e-commerce. AirAsia indirectly are advertising their products and services to its potential customer through the website.

I am writing this essay on a macintosh computer, a essay

The digital encoding of sound, text and image, the introduction of fibre optic lines replacing copper wire, the ability to transmit digitally encoded images and the subsequent ability to compress this information, thevast expansion of the frequency range for wireless transmission, innovations in switching technology, and anumber of other advances have so enlarged the quantity →

Marketing paper – mac cosmetics – product & place strategy flashcard

Lamb/Hair/McDaniel) As one of the 25 individual cosmetic brands that are owned by Esteem Lauder cosmetics, MAC varies in use and performance and meets the needs of specific market of women with its products. It worked wonders for the MAC brand as the offer was refreshingly straightforward " Every cent of the selling price of →

Two step hierarchical regression analyses health and social care essay

Secondly, participation in some of the activities was significantly associated with self-esteem, and there were gender differences as to what activities proved to be significant in association with self-esteem. This study was conducted in order to examine Korean young elderly's social participation status and how it is associated with the participants' self-esteem.

Language analysis of film: directive illocutionary acts

The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker asks to the hearer about condition. The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker asks →

The amidst the amish theology religion essay

The Amish, so focused on living in the past in a world so focused on the future, have developed a close community that embraces a tradition over three hundred years old that truly puts the power in the community's hands to control and dictate their future. Furthermore, the Amish believe in remain segregated from the →

Chemical structure of organochlorine environmental sciences essay

Broadly defined, a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests.[4] Pests are living organisms that bother, injure, or cause damage to buildings, plants, humans, and animals, including pets.[1, 2] Pesticide is used in public health →

Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine formulation

Mice were immunized and challenged with RSV as described in the legend for Fig.3. Mice were immunized and challenged with RSV as described in the legend for Fig.3.

Transfer of training and self efficacy management essay

Baldwin and Ford define transfer of training as the degree to which trainees effectively apply the knowledge, skills, and attitudes gained in the training context to the job. Referring to the effectiveness of transfer of training, the researchers have investigated in depth on the factors which would contribute towards the effectiveness of transfer of training.

International marketing in foreign market flashcard

In the STEP discussion, the Domino's Pizza will be target on the Married Family segment as it is the best segment which the Domino's Pizza can actually maximize their profit earn from it. 1 Application to Domino's pizza The most appropriate market entry strategy for Domino's pizza to enter the Manner's market is through a →

Purpose of workforce planning in british gas commerce essay

The main purpose of workforce planning in any organisation is planning and managing the recruitment and selection of new employees and making sure that the balance of demand and supply of the skilled employees are maintained. It also gives a in dept knowledge on the educational and professional requirements for a individual who is willing →

Design, fabrication and application of minimum quantity essay

The media is supplied as a mixture of air and oil in the form of an aerosol with precise control over amount of oil and direction of spray to the cutting zone.3. The design of the atomized is critical in MGM as it determines the concentration of the aerosol and the size of droplets.

The uk budget hotel sector literature review tourism essay

However, the competition keeps on to fly high in the general hotel industry as the budget hotels take over the mid-market hotels and boardinghouses. This must be a wanted shift from the 1960s the time at which fewer than 5% of the population in the UK stayed in UK hotels, to the rates experienced today →

Chapter ii

Section 1 says that the sum of two million pesos or so much thereof as may be necessary is hereby appropriated, out of any funds in the National Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be expended by the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources for the purchase of materials and payment of labor that may be →

Royal mail’s human resource strategy

The employer expectation of high commitment and the employee expectation of taking care of their social needs made the workers of the Royal Mail to be loyal to the firm and improved the ratio of trust towards the firm. The Privatization of the Royal Mail was the main problem discussed by the Human Resource team →

Hsc physics study notes

67 10^-11 Nm^2kg^-2, the universal constant of gravityAcceleration due to gravityNear the surface of the planet the acceleration due to gravity is by equating the radius of the planet and the gravity on it. It is also useful to remember that the vertical component of the velocity is zero at the top of the motion.

Evaluating the residual effects of chernobyl on thyroid cancer

Synthesized Finding #1- Gene Mutations and Rearrangements Linked to Thyroid Cancer Arndt et al.conducted a case-control study and compared genes and biopsied 96 of exposed and non-exposed participants 5. Investigation of the relationship between radiation dose and gene mutations and fusions in post-Chernobyl thyroid cancer.

Case study of levi strauss

This assignment is emphasis to understand the organisational strategic plans while assessing process of developing strategic elements of the plan and evaluate the plan for the future directions. According to this chapter, it is trying to understand the organisational strategic plans while concerning the processes of developing strategic elements of an organisational plan along with →

Goals setting theory business

Based on the article, depict the importance of ends scenes Describe theories connected to end puting Describe and compare theory and world based on three instance surveies of our ain working experience The article trades with the importance of end puting for a company. In order to specify ends to employees, you need to be →

Nature swaps in latin america

In a debt for nature swap an organization buys a debtor nations foreign debt at a discount and then forgive it in exchange for a commitment by the country to invest the face value of the debt in environmental conservation. The USDA forest service says, " The debtor nation consents to the swap terms; bear →

Lobbying and political corruption review politics essay

As opposed to the theory stating that corruption " greases the wheels" of inefficient systems, it is suggested by Aidt that: " the cumbersome procedures that corruption is supposed to help overcome may be created and maintained precisely because of their corruption potential, and substantial real resources may be devoted to contesting the associated rents. →

Warid is the hub of telecommunication in pakistan marketing essay

Warid Telecom has a substantial experience in professionalism and a strong financial standing to support their vision which is to be the leader in the Telecom industry of Pakistan. Warid Telecom would be launching its cellular services based on 900 and 1800 GSM technology, in order to optimize the utilization of frequency, thus ensuring the →

New finance essay

22 Compensation in the private equity industry was designed to align the interests of the Lips and Gaps. For the purposes of this case, " private equity' is applied to the 3 and the partnership's total 20% was then split among the members of the firm.

Turkey pkk case essay sample

Today, PKK's initial claim for the establishment of an independent Kurdistan has shifted to that of the recognition of the political and cultural rights for the ethnic Kurdish population in Turkey only. The organization was based in Ankara but Ocalan decided that it was better to shift the base of operations to the southeastern part →

Integrated marketing communication of dove company

In the early 40s Dove shaped the formula for the future Dove bar, the brand's first mild soap. A category that has such a large number of players operating at the same market place makes it difficult for the brands to sustain in the market and in the minds of the customers.

Laura martin: case study essay sample

In particular, the EBIDTA figure inflates the earning of the firm, as it ignores " all the bad stuff" in its abbreviation. However the ultimate difference with regression is that we are relying on the value of r squared which is a quintessential factor affecting the accuracy of the results and the appropriateness in using →

Wake turbulence vortices

The scope of this thesis is to spotlight the meaning of wake turbulence, the mechanisms of formation, the hazards and how to avoid them. The aim of the present work is to discuss, briefly, mechanisms, hazards, and local weather effects on wake turbulence and how to avoid hazards of wake turbulence.

Backyard burgers

The paper analyzes the existing strategy and brand positioning of the Back Yard Burgers the emerging market trends and the capability of the company to adapt to these changing forces. The team helps in monitoring and assessing the quality of food being served, cleanliness of the restaurant, and the service efficiency.

Stethoscope disinfection

Prior to the actual study a pilot study was performed to estimate the average and variance of the bacterial counts in a control group of stethoscopes primarily to establish if the act of imprinting the stethoscope itself would change the bacterial counts found. The conclusion was poor and only re-stated the hypothesis but did include →

Hershey’s: bitter times in a sweet place essay

Additionally, the Hershey Trust Company's board of trustees was given the principal objective to financially support the mission of the Milton Hershey School. In March of 2002, the Hershey Trust Company's board of trustees decided to sell the shares it held in the Hershey Foods Corporation with the belief that it would be better to →

Treatment of chronic daily headaches health and social care essay

Figure 3: Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin A In CDH, the antinociceptive effect of the toxin is believed to be as a result of the blocking of the release of nociceptive mediators such as substance P, glutamate and calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerve fibres. This review aims to evaluate the available evidence →

Negative effects of fdi in host countries economics essay

The first portion of the work will be addressed to the relationship between foreign investings and the economic growing of the host states. The survey shows that although MNEs bring many benefits to host states and the authoritiess are seeking to pull more and more investings, the negative effects of FDI in the economic system →

Predefining a marketing plan for easyjet

The objectives of the management summary is to predefine a marketing plan that will not only bring out Easyjet's rich history but also have in place a conscious future in better product and service delivery to the customer. Comprehension and interpretation of the legal system of the UK and EU is important to the management →

The mix comprises of the standard 4ps or 7ps marketing essay

However, it can be difficult to balance the 4Ps or 7Ps in order to provide the right product/services to the right customer at the right place and at the right time. In light of the above, you are required to write a report addressing and debating the specific issues below: For a product-line extension to →

Strategy management google flashcard

Google servers record information about that visit.including the IP reference of the visitant.the URLs.and the day of the month and clip of petition The Classification of Products and Services Based on available public information. Google described its merchandises and services by classs of " Google.com"." Web and content search"." Communication and collaboration"." Downloadable applications"." Mobile"." →

Development of the german industrial relations system

As the unions and works councils are able to make decisions in the name of the whole workforce, they are obliged by law to represent the interests of all employees. The fifth and final major pillar of the German model of industrial relations is the relative centralization of collective bargaining and the according coordinated bargaining →

Assessment of the community

The kind of businesses and the type of settlements in Manhattan reflect on the diversity of the different cultures making up the population of this area. It is through this that the diversity of culture and the differences in the ways of living of one race may not be so different from that of the →

Women and depression essay

Growing numbers of people in the United States and indeed around the world are increasingly becoming depressed, and the rates of depression are much higher in women Studies using case records as well as community surveys have found women to be at higher risk, and the difference in risk holds true for white, black, and →

South carolina and the caribbean connection

Peter Wood, American historian and author of Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion, concisely sums up the role slaves played in South Carolina when he states " Negroes Played a significant and often determinative part in the evolution of the colony". The link with the Caribbean islands and →

Estimate the benefits of potential projects essay

The steadfast invests hard currency now in the hope of having returns in a greater sum in the hereafter. In add-on information must be provided on an incremental bases so that we analyze merely the difference between the hard currency flow the house with and without the undertaking for illustration if a house contemplates a →

Race and class structure of south africa sociology

In Germany, it is the categorization between the Jews, Turks and the typical Germans; and in South Africa, it is the categorization and favoritism between the inkinesss and the white South Africans. The account of the jobs caused by race and category above will take me to my point of going and the focal point →

Relationship between boh tea and consumer behavior

In the case of BOH tea, since it is the leading tea brand in Malaysia it is important to strengthen the brands leadership by creating awareness for their product through sales promotion and advertising. Above is the example of the catchy phrase that is place on the product of BOH tea that always remind people →

Impact of cloud computing on sme’s in automobile sector

4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To understand the evolution and different challenges faced by the automobile industry in a period of 5 years from now and analyze in which different areas of the automobile sector, the concept of cloud computing can be applied and henceforth help the industry to be ready with the appropriate solutions →

Vehicle tracking methods

With hybrid device, the data is sent to a base station if the network is available and if the network is unavailable, the device stores data and send it later when the network is available. How often the information is transmitted from the vehicle to the central control system The information of the vehicle is →

Organizational culture effectiveness in virgin atlantic commerce essay

Some of the various definitions of the term Organizational culture are: According to Gareth Morgan, she describes organizational culture as: " The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it →

Critical analysis of management issue faced by starbucks

In addition Starbucks has formed a social media team to take control, monitor and evaluate the process and development of the used of social media. Starbucks started to connect in to the cyber world of social media, and that is speak for itself in the number of " Fans" the company is engaging with.

Impact of woolf reforms on civil justice system law essay

The civil justice system and the Woolf reforms will firstly be discussed, moving into an analysis of the prominent areas of the Civil Procedure Rules, with the essay concluding with an overall analysis of the reforms, exposing the reasons for its failures, in reference to the reality of the civil justice system. Its social purpose →

Principles of professional development

Part of the paper was focused again on the skills and status of the workforce in social care and how improvements to the training and development of the staff can lead to improvements in the social care sector as a whole. When working in social care, to be effective and to provide the best possible →

An ethical evaluation of the israeli palestinian conflict religion essay

After the founding of Israel, Zionism evolved into the thought that the Israelis have the right to occupy the entire land of Israel. For members of this group, there is no room for compromise, and to give up the control of any part of Eretz Israel would be blasphemy and a sin against God.[16] Gush →

Case study: patient with shortness of breath

History of Presenting Complaints The patient was experiencing SOB for the past 2-3 days, and was progressively worsening on the day on admission. Based on the Morisky Scale, she was compliant with her medication and she had no known drug allergy.

Growth of islamic fundamentalism in south asia history essay

It has grown because of the failure of the ruling elite in South Asian countries in nation building and in constructing democratic polities. The two of the militant fundamentalist organizations of this period that shocked the country the most were the HUJIB and the JMB.

Understanding and targeting centrally mediated visceral pain in inflammatory bowel disease

Chronic abdominal pain is a debilitating symptom of inflammatory bowel disease: a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and is characterized by periods of inflammation and remission. There is a growing body of evidence from animal studies, suggesting that a dysfunction of the nervous system plays a →

American indians two spirits

Thus, the value of the research is in its sociological as well as anthropological investigation of tribal life of Native Americans and some peculiarities of berdache people. To date, it is taken for granted that two-spirit people embody mostly cultural features and consequences in the evolution of Native Americans' social life and development.

Apple inc: business strategies that drive the brand’s

Organizational culture is one of the assisting tools in keeping employees motivated and loyal to the management of the company. The organizational structure of Apple is unique and flat.

Bioactivity of thyroid hormone analogs at cancer cells

The appreciation of the existence of a receptor for thyroid hormone analogs on the plasma membrane of cancer and rapidly dividing endothelial cells has enabled the recognition of functions of thyroid hormone analogs that were previously thought to be inactive. Tetrac inhibits the actions of T4 at the integrin and in the absence of T4 →

Organisational case study kempinski hotel san lawrenz essay

The writer and the General Manager ' s parts are the premier beginning of the descriptive information on the company itself. This civilization is embedded in members of the top direction squad and unconsciously transmitted to subsidiaries.

Analysis of the development of employer branding

In an article by Xin Chuai et al on talent management, ' talent' is defined as " individuals who have the capability to make a significant difference to the current and future performance of the company". Finally, Employer of choice recognise the importance of talent as a source of competitive advantage, and is looking to →

Overview of organizational behavior commerce essay

The study and understanding of individual group behavior and the patterns of structure in order to help improve organizational performance and effectiveness, Theory helps in building generalized models applicable to a range of organization or situation. Since TCS as an organization is involved in a large number of activities and services, it has to design →

Reduce the cost of marker making

Another objective is to increase the efficiency of the garment, when the marker made is good, the efficiency will increase and overall quality of the garment will be improved. Constraints of Marker Making During marker making, the work of the marker planner is subjected to a number of constraints.

E-mail privacy rights in business 18539 flashcard

Employees Expectation of Privacy in e-mail As an e-mail systems manager, I was under the impression that since the company owns the electronic messaging system, the company could view the contents of any employees e-mail account at any time. The use of the word " transfer" in the definition of " electronic communication," and its →

Creating a suitable wing box structure engineering essay

The analytical study of all options of design has shown how the number of stringers, stiffeners, and geometrical rivet spacing can all be used to vary and tailor the wing box structure in order to meet design parameters. The conclusion of the report is that in order to meet requirements to the fullest extent and →

A strategic case study of coors

The modern history of the industry began with the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. This decreases the threat of entrants.

The influence of collective behavior on pacing in endurance competitions

The role of emotions on pacing strategies and performance in middle and long duration sport events.Br.J. Collective behavior and the identification of phases in bicycle pelotons.

Diabetes screening young people uae health and social care essay

Obstacles to the publicity of the diabetes testing procedure demand to be removed and the manner cleared to implement the program easy. The Ecological Approach in Planing a wellness undertaking for the Screening for Diabetes and Pre-Diabetic Conditions for immature people in the UAE: In the design of the proposed wellness publicity undertaking, the " →

Confidence building measures india and pakistan

With the exception of the Joint Commission, all the others were the products of either a crisis or a war that necessitated a logical end to the preceding developments.[5] The aim of this paper is to analyse the performance of CBMs between India and Pakistan and suggest some workable and plausible CBMs that could be →

A case study of lubaga division background

Home testing may be used to offer testing to the family members of patients enrolled in care and treatment or may be offered on a door-to-door basis for all members of a community. It will take a long while for you and everyone else in the family to adjust to the change in the family →

British language and culture changing customs in india history essay

Throughout the research, the influence of British colonization to India has generally been displayed more clearly from diachronic research, where in order to understand situation of India and Indians nowadays we have to go back in past and search the reason, source of situation which caused result, India as it is today. India may shortly →

Marketplace: handwork of india essay

Soon after, MarketPlace began adding additional marketing channels, with its first participation in trade shows in 1988, the introduction of catalog sales in 1990 and the launch of Internet sales in 2001. MarketPlace is at a crossroads and the foundation that MarketPlace has developed make this an opportune time to expand to the next level →

The challenges of life design counseling in the times of the coronavirus pandemic (covid-19)

Both theories involve social constructivism, but there are some differences between the two theories as follows: the former focuses on the survival direction of the individual, emphasizes the individual's dynamic development based on System of Subjective Identity Forms, and constructs self-concepts; the latter points out that career can be a dynamic construction process, and subjective →

Background of ihrm in china

There are many factors associated with the growth of human resource management profession and one of the main factors of the attitude of the workforce and the people towards work, changes in the laws that deal with employment-related issues and various sociological trends. The human resources in the Chinese organizations now recognize the importance of →

The karl popper concept of falsifiability philosophy essay

The criterion of Falsifiability is a solution to this problem of demarcation, for it says that statements or systems of statements, in order to be ranked as scientific, must be capable of conflicting with possible, or conceivable, observations.' Popper notes however that a theory that is unfalsifiable at a given time may become falsifiable due →

Identify and analyse the three organisations

The sales of products largely increased due to the launch of the adaptation of Sony's popularWalkmanandCyber-shotseries. The merging of Sony & Ericson is very beneficial for the both of the companies.

Organic foods essay sample

In spite of the increasing popularity of Organic food these days, most of the people do not have a clear idea regarding the definition of organic food. Some of the popular organic food items include organic tea, organic coffee, organic wine, organic meat, organic beef, organic milk, organic honey, organic vegetables, organic fruits, organic rice, →

Coca cola marketing project assignment

In conjunction with the global sponsorship of the Olympic Games by The Coca-Cola Company, which dates back to 1 928, they engage in a range of promotions. The Coca-Cola Company's association tit international sporting events such as the Olympics, the Football European Cup and the Football World Cup also enables them to realize significant benefits →

Consumer behavior towards branded lemonade marketing essay

The recent rise in the share of consumption and the market for these drinks on the underlying parameters such as: Changing consumption patterns Factor for health Awareness of hygiene Change Lifestyle The basic object of research, comparative analysis of soft drinks and juices, the study of mind / taste of the various age groups of →

Exploration of oil and gas in pakistan

Now coming over to the definitions; Barrel of 011 Equivalent Is a term used to refer to the amount of energy that is equivalent to the amount of energy found In a barrel of crude oil; which Is approximately equal to 5. The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and →

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) support in special patient populations—the bidirectional glenn and fontan circulations

In perhaps the largest study to date, Jolley et al.utilized the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry database to evaluate ECMO use in patients after the Glenn operation. Unfortunately, in the last 5 10 years there has been a paucity of research and advances when it comes to optimal ECMO support of these patients.

Pearl tour and travel company marketing essay

The increase in the number of tourists entering the country gives an opportunity for Pearl Tour and Travel to expand their products on the Inbound and Outbound tourism market. Pearl Tours and Travel intend to attain the following objectives; The intention of Pearl Tours and Travel is to penetrate the market by providing a complete →

Napoleon populist autocrat administrative structure

The French during the Revolution had attacked the despotism of kings, the political inequality of many constitutions only partly free; the pride of the nobility; the domination, intolerance, and wealth of the priesthood, and the abuses of the feudal system, all of which were still rampant in most of Europe[16]. Art 41[19]of Constitution gave him →

Marketing strategy affects product, place essay

Then the company could make target strategy and Identify the new positioning which could bring a lot of benefits to the firm If they define the right products at the right time. Then, the majority of the company's products provide market under the brand name " Binomial" brand was voted as a " Famous Brand" →

History of education in afghanistan

The study presented in this dissertation explores the responses to present day crises and chaos in a war-ravaged country as it faces the challenges to create a new national system of education that both respects the past and wants to be respected in the global society. The majority of rural communities had no schools and →

Myphone business plan for mobile phone shop

The only way we can hope to differentiate well is to define the vision of the company to be a technology ally to our clients. The only way we can hope to differentiate well is to define the vision of the company to be a technology ally to our clients.

Culture: sindhi people

Sindhi language is also greatly influenced by Sanskrit and about 70% of the words in Sindhi are of Sanskrit origin. A lot of attention is given to how the food is prepared and what combinations of dishes are best.

Motorola mobile manufacturing division of the motorola inc marketing essay

Here we will be considering the failing Brand, Motorola Mobile Manufacturing division of the Motorola Inc.and how we can capture the opportunities and rejuvenate the brand if it is in the decline stage. The primary research of the market is done nationwide and the ideas are forwarded to the US.

Nature vs nurture twins studies psychology essay

The genes on an individual are the base line for physical development and then the environment helps shape the person according to what the person allows to come in from the environment. Since identical twins are the closest the scientist can get to a clone of an individual because they have the same genes; the →