Genuine Essay Examples

Representation of catholicism in irish movies in the 20th century essay

How has the representation of Catholicism evolved in Irish cinema in the twentieth century, with specific attention to: ' The Quiet Man', ' The Magdalene Sisters' & ' Breakfast on Pluto'? " Ireland remains the overwhelmingly Catholic country of the English speaking world, according to results of the April 2011 census... It is therefore β†’

Paducah symphony orchestra

The paper " Paducah Symphony Orchestra" is a great example of a music essay. The Paducah Community invests a lot through the playing of the Symphony Orchestra choral music. The Kentucky Art council puts collectively the public value review to the significance of the Paducah Symphony Orchestra has to the entire community.

The music students broken heart

Music seems to be the only mission the music student can focus on. In the daytime, after playing his unique music all night, the music student heads off to college. If he is not at college, the music student is holed up in his apartment playing music. The music student's haunting music must come from β†’

The changing nature of music industry essay sample

But beneath this updating of essentially the same transaction lies a more fundamental shift in the ways in which music is created and distributed and in the business model on which the whole music industry is currently predicated. In essence the old model involved a complex network in which songwriters and artists depended on β†’

Rage against the machine

The instrumentation of this song starts with a lighter guitar sound which leads into a heaver guitar sound and the introduction of the drums. The song seems to have a back and forth sound between the instruments and the lyrics. Take the Power give me the impression of starting a revolution.

Motivation essay

This is one of the most important criteria a young adult has in answering the self imposed question: " Have I made the transition yet from a child to an adult?" Possessing the ability to motivate oneself is a key to success in life. What motivated me in football was to know that I tried β†’

Indiana state university school of music

The concert was a guest series of the artists where the performers played the music composed many years ago. The concert also aims at promoting and showing off the talents in the faculty of artists by offering them a chance to compare their undertakings to the skills and techniques used by the performers. This means β†’

A comparison of the musical styles of vivaldi and corelli essay sample

Similarly, to the extremes in register, Corelli also avoids the use of the G-string on the violin; as shown below. Ex. One of the first of these characteristics is the use of syncopated rhythms as shown in this example. Ex.

Japanese music

The laxity of the lower lip is of importance when different variations of pitch and timbre are produced. As for Elizabeth Reian Bennett, deceleration, elasticity of beat and pitch within a certain range, as well as the use of silence, breath, and articulation when playing the instrument are other crucial things to note the difference β†’

Mythology in lewis and tolkien essay

The first thing that marks the mythical nature of Tolkien's narrative in the Lord of the Rings is that historical time is removed and the plot unravels in some eternal territory with stabilized and well-entrenched relations and traditions. In this way, it is obvious that Lewis and Tolkien's writings are mythical to the extent they β†’

Star trek essay

The original series created Gene Roddenberry is set in the 23d century where the adventures of the U.S.S. The new film directed by J.J. Abrams is something quite special compared to some of the old spinoffs and is the first remake of the classic 1966 version.

Jay z the rap artist and business mogul: his rise to the top essay sample

When his mother got him the boom box and he discovered how well he liked music he put it in his head that he was a entrepreneur just like other successful rappers. He knew he had the skills to do this, and he made it happen.5.

Best buy case study essay

Over the course of the last 43 years the world of consumer electronics have changed tremendously, but the one thing that has been successful in the growth of the company is Best Buys approach to meeting the consumer's needs. According to Mike Keskey, president of U.S. Best Buy Stores" Becoming a customer centric organization requires β†’

Bmg entertainment & music industry swot analysis.

For instance, the CD had a big impact on industry revenue; owners of tapes simply replaced their collections with Cad's.; BUM is arguably the leader in the music industry, and consequently has the influence to take its existing customers with them into the digital MPH era.* BUM had close relationships with all the players involved β†’

Good the contract. this essay will argue that

Finally, it will contemplate the actions of the courts in suchcases and assess whether the courts have achieved consistency in theirapproach. It will be suggested that, despite the adaptability of the law todifferent situations, the approach of the courts is inconsistent, due to thecourts considering each case individually, and so effect is not always given β†’

A history of japanese hip-hop: street dance, club scene

Through observing the hip hop culture thrive in Japan, it has been noted that the culture matches exactly the genuine hip hop life of the United States. Youths in baggy pants and sneakers covered in hoods and driving in monster sport cars break dancing and engaging in karaoke scenarios, shows the effect of globalization in β†’

Power of music revealed essay

Historically and scientifically, it is evident that music has a power that is both unique and universal. The language of Forever Music is written for the intended purpose of global unification through the power of music. It is designed to inform the world that each individual life is a song meant to be sung. The β†’

The difference in downloading music in the usa and canada

The difference in downloading music in the USA and Canada Downloading music has become one of the most common and simple things to do on the Internet. Of course, by illegally downloading music, the artist, whose song is downloaded, receives no remuneration for his or her work This is the result of the old β†’

Jimmy webb

With changing tempo of the song in correspondent to the melody puts the song in the right context. The song seems to have a life with combination of melody and rhythm.

Music appreciation essay sample

The era began with the disintegration of the Roman Empire and ended with the cultural reawakening of the Renaissance. What is the Mass? Is a sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic church in which a collection of psalms and prayers are spoken and/or sung. 11.

Jia-mo chen, cello post graduate recital

The music is moving toward and its music skillfully drawing the East and West and creates real music for the society. 2 in D Minor for Solo Cello, BMV 1008 The version of Bach cello is the finest and it is musical from end to end and the sound is gorgeous.

David j. roberts personal experience essay

It was the first time I had sung with a large choir, the first time I had performed with a full orchestra and when I had chosen my career as a minister of music. Church music was an important part of my life, but I wanted it to become a more important one.

The role of music in the film “the lion king” essay sample

Though the story is itself a beautiful narration that brings home valuable lessons about life and people, it is the music played all throughout the movie that enhanced the total quality of the production. The song the movie starts with, Circle of Life, sets the mood and matches the majesty with which Simba, the β†’

Sony financial analysis’09 essay

03 | HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS OF INCOME STATEMENT | | | | | | | | | Yen in | Millions | | | | | | 2009 | 2008 | Change |% Change | | Sales and Operating Revenue : | | | | | | | Net Sales | | 7110053 | 8201839 |-1091786 β†’

Classical music essay sample

The genre is very different compared to other genres of music; the music is elegant, expressive, and artistic. In the article, " The Rise and Fall of Literacy in Classical Music: An Essay on Musical Notation," Dahl states the period from 1550 to the 1900 was known as " the Common Practice".

Jazz analysis

Jazz Music Number Jazz Music Jazz is one of the key genres of music. With improvisation comes the response of the audience from the performances of the soloist and the singers.

Traditional media channels essay

The topics to be covered include: The media strategy Media planning processes and the roles of the media planner and buyer Advertising objectives Media choices based on the advantages and disadvantages of each medium Media selection in business-to-business and international settings Development of an advertising campaign within the framework of an integrated marketing communications program β†’

New coffee era essay

In add-on to these smaller graduated table forte java companies, Starbucks must now vie against two of the largest companies in the fast nutrient industry who have late entered the forte java section. The first of these rivals is Dunkin Donuts, who claims to be " the universe ' s largest java and adust goods β†’

Sample essay on 3 subject + magic flute

However, this is not the primary intention for individuals who need to listen to music since the objective may involve the need to hear precision and perfection present in the music or for the purpose of strenuous, active and contemplation in which it is involved. The illustration of these two not only being possessions of β†’

Pop music magazine comparison

The aim of the magazine is to persuade the readers to go out and buy their CDs. The use of language is completely different, one says 'SCREW THE CRITICS' and the other is 'BLUE ARE BACK' This shows one that is abusive and the other is more formal.

Piano concert essay sample

Then after that a Barber piece symbolizes the lettuce and then the concert ended with the " bun" another Dvorak piece. The titles of the pieces fit each of them well. The title of a piece is a great clue to both the performer and audience what the composer was trying to portray.

My philosophical teaching approach essay

Modern education is the application if scientific method of the process of learning, particularly of learning how to become intelligent and responsible citizens of a democratic community. This type of education emphasizes learning by doing, learning through purposeful activity on the part of the pupils, with considerable regard for individual differences in interest and capacity β†’

Music concord

The first song played was " Capriccio" by Philip Sparke which allowed the audience to experience the sweet sound from the instrumental version of the song. The people were in an excited mood as the performance of the first song came to an end.

Role of music essay examples

When looking at music in the context of a live performance, there are many different elements such as movements, staging, costuming, music, and sets that all contribute to the overall performance. The recording of music helps make it more accessible to the masses. Music is so important to cultural understanding that it is taught in β†’

The violence on television and video games essay

It is quite clear that TV and video games violence are the ones shaping the character and behavior of young people. The evidences that violence on television and video games causes violent behavior in children are overwhelming. Different studies on media violence point to the same findings that children with greater exposure to violence in β†’

First person insane asylum story essay

Mass was held at this time in the back chapel by Father Francis, also the doctor, a huge grey man with the knowledge of all the creative ways he could punish the patients and help community. Patients were frightened by him, and rumors of terrible torture and practices danced around the walls. When we punished β†’

Classical music

The current paper gives a critical review of the Castro BBC Documentary concerning the Castro singers of the Baroque era. The Castrati were the undoubted 18th century music celebrities, with many people associating with their entertaining virtuoso voices that illustrated the musical culture at the time. A critical analysis of the Castro BBC documentary reveals β†’

Witness essay

Finally the third scene is gun of the hand, in this scene the audience are introduced to how the Amish cope with violence and how the English cope with violence. However, this view of the Amish is soon juxtaposed in the next scene with the English.

Charles mingus

Consequently, there is some royal rubbing of shoulders by the vulgar: sassy lines of counterpoint bents a stately melody out of its shape; there is juxtaposing of a lilting rhythm of 6/8 alongside a twice roller- coaster of 4/4; degeneration of the twelve- bar blues into fairly- disorder; sometimes violent shifting of tempos and atmospheres1. β†’

Dizzy gillespie & charlie parker: hot house

List of Instruments visible on this video Horn Bass Piano Drum The Jazz style of this music is bebop There are instances in the song where Parker incorporate riff from the introduction to the ending. Trading is an outstanding feature in this piece found between the horn players and β†’

The description of sonata form

Normally, the development of sonata form is done from a tonal path of piece level that involves a P (primary thematic zone and then a contrasting S. The movement to the second section majorly depends on the rapid modulation, normally done in a series with the aim of making the tonic return more dramatic and β†’

Informative essay on music and critical thinking questions

This is important because it gives a detailed amount of information on the types of instruments that were used at the time and that were popular. 3. Why is the study of prehistoric and ancient music important?

Goodfellas – content analysis essay

During the characters walk through the kitchens the audience gets a real sense of the popularity of the club and the importance the main character has. This is because some of the other underground characters are happily saying hello to him and getting out of his and his girlfriends way. When the characters are crossing β†’

Comparison between two pieces of a music class that occurred on friday 11th april, 2014

In contrast, the Revolutionary Etude has minimal melody, with appassionato as the main melody, whereas in the case of the Moment Musical the melody is two note melody of a quasi-military idea. It is a piece that is very difficult to master especially due to the taxing emphasis on the left hand movements. Listening to β†’

African american music

Floyd defined African-American music as music that emanates directly from the black experience in America, descending from the calls, cries, hollers, spirituals, ragtime, and blues of the slavery and post-slavery periods. The blues led to ragtime, and eventually combined both, blues and ragtime and other characteristics into jazz." Some time around the turn of the β†’

U2: how to dismantle an atomic bomb

Many of the songs make reference to Christian ideals, and this only enhances the music and message. Some of the most notable songs on the album include: " Vertigo," " Sometimes You Ca not Make it on Your Own," " City of Blinding Lights," " Original of the Species," and " Yahweh" which is the β†’

Chinese pop: the three best

The album became the best selling album in Taiwan and received a large amount of critical attention, receiving awards, including the Album of Asia Grand Prize at the 2007 Metro Radio Mandarin Music Awards. The album melded a number of popular music styles, and avoids easy categorization, but is characteristically a pop album.

Wolfgang amadeus mozart, symphony no. 40 in g minor, k. 550 essay sample

The horns are used sparingly, only to add density to the tone or emphasize the crescendos and sforzandos. The symphony itself is comprised of four movements: Movement One Molto allegro Movement Two Andante Movement Three Allegretto Movement Four Allegro assai The first movement of the β†’

How technology has changed the world essay

It's almost unbelievable to think that now in 2012 we have a device in our pockets that will allow us to make and receive calls, texts and emails, take videos and pictures and do many other things. With the changes in modern technology over the years we now really do seem to have the world β†’

Where is the love by black eyed peas

Any Song between 1990- " Where Is the Love" by Black Eyed Peas Introduction " Where is the Love" was released in the year 2003 and the song appeared as the lead single from the album, Elephunk which is the third album of the creator of the hip hop group, Black Eyed Peas. The song β†’

The mistaken identity of hip hop (initial outline) essay

The topic that I chose to examine and write about for my final paper is the difference between rap and hip hop on a more technical basis. The reason that I chose this topic in particular, is because as I matured from a boy and was allowed my own opinion and preference on what β†’

Analysis of the song born this way by lady gaga

In this song, there are several messages that Lady Gaga is trying to get across to the listeners and they are: be yourself, everyone is beautiful in their own way so do not be ashamed of your flaws and lastly, be proud of who you are. This part of the song signifies the fact that β†’

What is musical theatre

This was influenced by Greek Theatre, which we are also studying. I have been studying musical theatre throughout this term and have gained a wide selection of skills, even though there is still a lot to learn I feel that if I was to walk away today I would have gained a wider knowledge of β†’

The beach boys

The Beach Boys The Beach Boys is a renowned rock band in the United s since the year 1961 when it was established. The Beach Boys: The Definite Diary of America's Greatest Band: on Stage and in the Studio.

What does music mean to us essay

In addition, other forms of music became popular like jazz, folk music, pop music, and computer music; silence was even used as a musical tool.In the entertainment of the late 20th and early 21st century, music became a vital component to the Film industry in which films turned out to be crucial forms of entertainment β†’

A point of view on the magic flute, as performed by opera coeur d’alene

Because of all the fun parts and elements in the play, I feel it did it was it supposed to do. The play takes place in Enchanted forest and also in a temple. But I feel it was worth doing because it achieved it's goal and was not trying to have some meaning. I enjoyed β†’

About sallie martin

She was absorbed in a nearby Hospital while pursuing her desires in gospel in her off hours. She had heard of Thomas A. Sallie formed the Sallie Martin Singers with Roberta Martin, Eugene Smith and Willie Webb, the first female group in gospel history. Martin traveled the Gospel concert circuit as a soloist in conjunction β†’

Reflection papers

For instance, the Teen idols, Riot Girls, misogamy and homophobia in hip-hop, girl groups of the 1960s, Heavy metal masculinity, " twerking", and Spice Girl masculinity underscore the critical role that women and girls have played courtesy of numerous prominent female musicians in history. Although they appear to be underrepresented in the world of pop β†’

Once you let music into your soul, it never dies

His music evokes feelings that the world is in the palm of your hands; however, as his career progressed, Miller's music changed to a slower and more thoughtful music. His music gives Keshav an opportunity to connect with people who he normally would not have found an immediate similarity with, but because his music was β†’

Hipster vs indie essay

As for the Indies beginnings, the late ass were the precedents to Indies music. It was not until the late ass to early ass when Indies became a known genre for music and soon thereafter, a lifestyle. The number one rule in hipster is to never call oneself a hipster because b y doing so, β†’

Edward scissor hands essay

The main message of the story is said by Edward's antagonist Jim and it is that Edward destroys or hurts everything he touches. Tim Burton's style is easily recognizable in the movie judging by his background, music and message in the story. It is kind of a rather strange story where Edward does not really β†’

V for vendetta essay

The government in V for Vendetta creates a dystopia by taking away the citizens; Freedom of speech, freedom of individual thoughts and actions, and ultimately their right to happiness in a world of cruelty, injustice, intolerance and oppression. Where once you had the freedom to object, think, and speak as you saw fit, you now β†’

The orchestra concert that i had essay sample

Next, the fourth piece was " Hannah's song", the fifth piece was " Estudiantina", and the sixth piece was " Caucasian Sketches No. The genre of this piece was for symphony and suitable perform in the orchestral way.

The influence of hip hop on today’s youth essay sample

In the words of Busta Rhymes, " Hip-hop reflects the truth, and the problem is that hip-hop exposes a lot of the negative truth that society tries to conceal. Hip hop is one of the most popular genres in the world, and its power is astonishing. To refer to the previous statement from Busta β†’

Proposal writing

However, despite such nice characters and mental power from a person with autism the movie still shows that his ability and character is being taken advantage of and therefore the movie continues to portray disabled people in a negative way. Raymond is also very good in self-advocacy since he succeeded in explaining to his brother β†’

Listening log (classical music)

A C-sharp minor is set as the home key, and the music progresses in a moderate manner. The keys alternate in a clear manner that portrays the great classical music of 1847. Work cited Aichberger, Von, and Roenneke.

Amazing grace by wintley phipps

The rendition of Amazing Grace by Wintley Phipps in the Carnegie Hall not just stirs the heart of one and all but it also makes one realize the futility of widely dispersed conflicts of human relationships that are influenced by racism, class, color and culture. I seriously believe that this poignant performance by Phipps is β†’

History of the trumpet essay sample

In early versions, the slide was part of a very long mouthpiece that was pulled in and out to fill in the gaps of the natural scale of harmonics. These new ideas helped the trumpet be more in tune, and helped the players by making the high notes easier to hit. The nineteenth century β†’

Concert report

Concert Report Table of Contents Introduction 3 Alignment of Piece of Concert from 20th century with the Present Music 3 Reaction to the Piece 4 Reaction on Other Pieces of the Program4 Conclusion5 Reference6 Introduction The concert took place in the Recital Hall, which is a 200-seated performance space ideal for β†’

The connotations of country music

In short, it is a class issue. The Sound of Whiteness The phrase ' country music' itself is the direct result of 1920s American racism. Enjoying country music jeopardizes social status, a long-lasting consequence that haunts the genre's popularity to this day.

Success story of andrew lloyd webber

Shows like Cats, The Phantom of the Opera and Starlight Express have become sellouts because of Lloyd Webber and his legacy still remains. Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber's hardwork in Cats, Starlight Express, and The Phantom of the Opera, with the help of many others, shows his progression and has shaped him into the successful person β†’

The growing problem of driving under the influence and measures to try and stop it

In actuality, this will never happen, at least not for now, but it is a goal we can attempt to reach. There are several ways in order to reduce the amount of driving under the influence. BeMyDD is a company that specializes in reducing the amount of driving under the influence.

Groom’s side essay

The process I) When the man wants to marry the woman, he first proposes to the woman. When the elders go to the girl's home, they are met by the girl's family, who also have by this time called their group of elders.

Free essay on art & war

Because of this it affects and is affected by the full social wartime experience. The effects of a war on popular music can be seen long before war is declared, and continue long after. Bibliography IMDb...

Music is one of the best thing to relax stress

Many researches prove that music has power to reduce stress by reducing negative emotions for music can decrease the amount of the cortisol, a stress-related hormone produced by the body in response to stress, and by promoting relaxation of muscles and releasing some of the tension from a stressful day. As it can help us β†’

Baroque music: the beginning of classical music as perceived by many

This musical language proved to be international, as Heinrich Sch" tz, a German composer who studied in Venice under both Gabrieli and later Monteverdi, used it to the liturgical needs of the Elector of Saxony and served as the choir master in Dresden.[edit] Middle baroque music The rise of the centralized court is one β†’

Krazy 4 copyright controversy essay sample

FACTS: * There are two songs in the movie whose music is based on the jingle made by RAM SAMPATH.* Jingle is made for the advertisement of cell phone branded Sony Ericsson.* ROSHANS changed their earlier stand by lacking the bonafides stating that the Hrithik Roshan has did not sent the message β†’

People of kerala: an amazing race of people essay sample

Kerala Martial Arts and Sports: Sports and Martial Arts take prime importance in the life of a Malayali. Not only are sport competitions part of the Festival customs, there is, in Kerala, a tradition of martial arts training.

Focus on music and drama in carl weathersby blues band

The two songs that I remember the band played as I recorded are the " Hold On" and " I am Still Standing Here" both of which are the titles of his two most celebrated albums. Moreover, in the song " Hold On", the band was careful on the rhythm because β†’

The council of trent and music

This was not the first effort at the change since before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562; the Catholic Church had spoken out against alleged maltreatment of music used in the mass. Council of Trent was attempting to reinstate the sense of holiness to the church setting as well as β†’

What it means to be an american essay

The people in America are given something that not everybody's given. A chance to be successful and to survive, and most countries are not given that chance. One of the most important right America offers to America is the chance to be ourselves and to live in a place were small wars are not going β†’

The cultural importance of john peel

This is where the late legendry broadcaster John Peel entered the 'equation'; he enriched the lives of many radio listeners across Britain and America with his unique ear for talent, therefore he is arguably significant to the moulding of our musical tastes. For my essay, I will look at John Peel and the work he β†’

Felix mendelssohn – piano trio no 1 in d minor

In light of the differences between the movements , the violoncello begins the first movement accompanied with some piano chord in a manner that creates a feeling of arrhythmic sea. Unlike the first movement, the second movement is basically a song with the piano dominating.

Annotated bib for importance of physical education essay

In this book, the author, Melvin Williams, explains the importance of physical fitness and endurance in sports; he provides very good information on how significant of a role that physical fitness is in not only one's self image, but also how important it is in sports, and in being a successful athlete. Not only does β†’

Example of creative writing on an annoying ad

The part where the music is played in the bar can also be scratched off and replaced with some other important aspects of the phone illustrations. However, I recognize the fact that the advert may be pleasing to some other people with a different opinion. Works Cited HTC." New HTC One commercials highlight BoomSound β†’

Multi sensory environments and dementia essay

The topic, Multi-sensory environments and dementia, was selected for the challenge it presented, and the conviction that the writer has for the rights of geriatric psychiatric patients. Along with personal conviction, this topic was chosen because of the intrigue of the new frontier of neuropsychology. Multi-Sensory Environments and Dementia The topic chosen for this paper β†’

Impact of music education and issues stopping its implementation

The topic of my research will be: " Impact of Music Education and Issues Stopping its Implementation" The main idea for me to conduct this research is that I believe that music has a positive effect on brain functioning, academics and the overall development of the brain. The Impact of Music Education On Academic Achievement.Web.

Can music be a representational art

A listener that does not know of the story would think that the piece is poorly constructed but this would be to misunderstand the work. Not only is it true in this case that a failure to notice the representation prevents a full understanding of the music, but significantly detracts from a proper appreciation of β†’

Proposal assignment

In this proposal, I will be in support of the Contemporary Reality. The vital question in preparing this research is; is the present world heading to the cyber world in the near or far future? The Cyber world is a form of entertainment or literature of science fiction in the setting of the near future.

Ballads and the Addie Graham – Summary

However the term religious or spiritual song was used in both white and black communities. Hollers Hollers are mainly work songs mostly associated the afro American music and spiritual songs that hollers originated long before the American Civil War. The importance of early origins for American folk ballads and songs The most important β†’

The purpose of rock music

And boy can I sit for hours picking at rock lyrics, trying to make sense of it they are all pieces of art and in addition to the lyrics, the manner in which they were performed, the onstage persona of the rock stars, the ' rock n roll' lifestyle (talking about sex and drugs and β†’

The expository essay

The thesis of my essay is how the monetary values of oil and gas are increasing than diminishing over the last twosome of old ages. Gas costs were at a record of four dollars a gallon in the twelvemonth 2008. In twelvemonth 2008 through 2009 the gas monetary values are go oning to lift and β†’

Fast food nation essay

In the era of the rise of the automobile in America fast food pioneers jumped at the chance to make a quick and easy buck catering to the newly mobile working class. According to a study conducted by agricultural economist from the Organic Center in Greenfield, Massachusetts " In four areas, the U. β†’

Brandenburg concerto no. 5 by j.s. bach

The concerto has a continuous line moving and extends with the addition of instruments as the composition progresses, which is peculiar to the Baroque style. Brandenburg Concerto No. The finale is depicted with the dramatic introduction of the violin and the cello. Brandenburg Concerto No.

Music: language of soul

of the College Music: Language of Soul Music is considered as the language of soul. It makes a soothing impact on all the senses in a human being as well as sometimes music can be used as a remedy to treat the wildest beasts. There are different varities of music; rock, jazz, raggae, hard rock, β†’

The museum of erotic art essay

My personal life has over the past 10 old ages has become my narrative of a life-time, taking me to the inspirations in my personal art work, taking a strong involvement in cheery titillating art, from the plants of ; axel, George cayford, Dave Davenport better know as " dogspunk " and largely concentrating β†’