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Essay, 36 pages (9000 words)

Multinational enterprises morocco essay

Contents

  • 4. 7 Data analysis

An analysis of the Eclectic Paradigm with Reference to Multinational Enterprises in Morocco

Abbreviations

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

MNE Multinational Enterprise

TNC Transnational Company

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

Os Ownership-specific

Ls Location-specific

Is Internalization-specific

GDP Gross Domestic Production

IB International Business

PPP Purchasing Power Parity

FX Foreign Currency Market Exchange

MSI Market Seeking Investment

RSI Resource Seeking Investment

LDC Less Developed Country

GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

WTO World Trade Organization

FTA Free Trade Agreement

PLC Product Life Cycle

I MF International Monetary Fundss

1 Introduction

This study will seek to make consciousness and understanding sing the motives that affair in the procedure of international production. The focal point on the African, Arab, land of Morocco will show an interesting illustration of a developing economic system that has emerged to go increasingly broad towards the attractive force of FDI. However, as other developing economic systems it has found challenge in the accommodation towards the specific demands of MNEs ( Najat 2009 ) .

In recent decennaries the development of foreign direct investing ( FDI ) has grown to go one of the major influential elements of the globalisation procedure. This is particularly noteworthy in the critical function that MNEs have played in the economic linkage between developed and developing economic systems ( Mallampally, Sauvant 1999 ) . Most apparent of this item is ocular in the fact that about tierce of universe trade appears to be deducing from operations between two affiliates of the same MNE and an other 3rd arising from an MNE by at least one terminal of the dealing ( Ramamurti 2004 ) .

This should moreover explicate why the handiness of foreign MNEs in a developing economic system has a singular positive consequence on its attempts to increase exports among other aims to foster the economic development. This latter idea is nevertheless non shared by all stakeholders, as they may differ on the possible short term positions in relation to the exposure of local baby industries extra to environmental and societal issues that may be influenced ( Meyer 2004 ) . Nevertheless in footings of economic advancement, research such as been presented in the work ‘ The power of productiveness ‘ by William W. Lewis ( 2004 ) as portion of a McKinsey survey, explains that the handiness of FDI in particularly developing economic systems add faster value to the productiveness degree of a part than the alternate and comparatively tedious procedures such as the apparatus of a suited educational system.

The planetary form of FDI has increased unusually from an estimated $ 53 billion in 1985 to a nominal $ 1, 833 billion for 2007. The range of FDI influx has nevertheless traditionally been dominated by OECD states and in peculiar three states ( Japan, USA and EU ) . The development of FDI in entirely emerging economic systems nevertheless increased to over $ 500 billion in 2006, interpreting to an addition of 20 % over 2005 and matching to about 40 % of the planetary FDI in that peculiar twelvemonth ( Torrisi et al. 2009 ) . Nevertheless the volume of FDI that flows into the African continent which Morocco is portion of, has remained comparatively fringy compared to the entire planetary influx of FDI. As argued by ( Wahid, Sawkut & A ; Seetanah 2009 ) the African continent entirely received 2 to 3 per centum in 2007 of the entire planetary FDI influx. The rise of FDI inflow nevertheless into this continent of 2006 to a sum of $ 36 billion, was chiefly derived from the addition in trade good monetary values which led to a higher return on investing for the providing MNEs and therefore a better acceptation of available hazards.

This FDI development was harmonizing to Gray and Amine ( 2000 ) a comparatively fresh happening in Morocco, and was moreover considered moderate until recent times. This affair derives from the fact that despite the execution of cardinal steps, the Maroc authorities had no active policy to pull foreign direct investing into the economic system prior to the early 1990s. This should be ocular in graph # , portraying the development of FDI influx in the Maroc economic system. Nevertheless initial promotion came in the signifier of a denationalization plan chiefly organized to cut down public debt and increase competitory advantage of local endeavors ( UNCTAD 2008 ) . This concluded at first in the retail of 40 province retentions including the national air bearer ( Royal Air Maroc ) and telecom endeavor ( Etisalat Al-Maghrib ) . The significance of this denationalization plan in footings of FDI is reflected in the fact that from the $ 10. 7 billion of FDI influx in the period 1993-2003, about $ 6. 4 billion was derived from denationalization activities ( UNCTAD 2008 ) .

Between 2001 and 2003 Morocco ranked 2nd largest FDI receiver in Africa and presently holds the figure one place in North Africa ( Maghreb Al-Arabi ) . The entire influx of FDI concluded $ 2. 82 billion in 2001 and $ 2. 31 billion in 2003, while 2005 FDI reached a record of $ 2. 93 billion with chief finishs including touristry, air power, outsourcing and existent estate ( UNCTAD 2007 ) . Nevertheless indicants of important obstructions to investings in the signifier of corruptness and bureaucratism every bit good as the deficiency of premium after-service, towards current MNEs in Morocco, has led harmonizing to UNCTAD ( 2007 ) in a fringy 0. 72 per cent of the FDI influx to be reinvested. With respects to the FDI stock, between the period 1989 and 2005 FDI has accumulated from $ 3. 4 billion to $ 22 billion, with strong growing between 2002 ( $ 12 billion ) and 2005 ( $ 22 billion ) doing it about 44 % of the gross domestic production in that peculiar twelvemonth ( UNCTAD 2008 ) .

Morocco ‘ s Plan Emergence 2005: Precedence sectors

Service Offshore Industry

Car and Aviation industry

Electronicss Industry

Agro alimental Industry

Seafood Industry

Trade Industry

Table 1 Beginning: ( UNCTAD 2008 )

The recognition of the importance and benefit of foreign direct investing has persuaded authoritiess to supply inducements to foreign endeavors seeking physical presence in the local economic system. In relation to these inducements, Morocco soon has several steps to advance and pull foreign direct investing, which include freedoms from corporate and general income revenue enhancement for a fixed period of clip based on the house ‘ s activities and benefit to the economic system. Furthermore houses that are bound to set up in a peculiar country that is in demand of economic and societal development impulse, may even profit from extra inducements provided after dialogues with local governments ( Gray, Amine 2002 ) . The local authorities has harmonizing to UNCTAD ( 2008 ) defined cardinal sectors in order to pull high quality FDI ( see table # ) , which will probably act upon the policy of FDI publicity in general and the behavior of the authorities in footings of inducements towards houses in these industries.

Conditionss

Incentives

Exporting endeavors

Exempt from corporate revenue enhancement and general income revenue enhancement ( 5 old ages + 50 % undermentioned period )

New construction/ Construction add-ons / Machine and Equipment, used in local production

Exempt from corporate revenue enhancement and general income revenue enhancement ( 5 twelvemonth following completion building )

Handicraft companies

50 % decrease of corporate revenue enhancement and general income revenue enhancement

Firms established in countries with low degree of economic and societal development

50 % decrease in corporate revenue enhancement and general income revenue enhancement ( during 5 old ages after get downing operations )

Free trade zones

Fully exempt from foreign trade and exchange control ordinances

Activities of national importance

Customized benefits in direct contract with the authorities

Table 2 Beginning: ( Gray, Amine 2002 )

In order to add to the rationalisation of policies, developed by regulators and extra involved agents, it is important to progress the cognition of MNE behavior towards FDI. Particularly since the effectual execution of codifications and structural inducements may act upon economic development in a more progressive mode.

Therefore this survey will do an effort to add to the IB cognition by stipulating the factors that influence houses to put in Morocco, what the comparative importance of those factors is and what some of the methods and motives behind these foreign direct investings are. This should supply a more accurate attack for policy shapers to construct upon the available achievement that Morocco has achieved in the past decennaries in order to pull an extra sum of FDI.

In relation to the usage of economic theoretical account, There are legion IB theories that provide for the account of specific internalisation activities. Most noteworthy are the internalisation theory proposed by Buckley and Casson ( 1976 ) , and the eclectic paradigm presented by Tormenting ( 1976 ) . The Eclectic Paradigm nevertheless enabled for the holistic account of MNE FDI motive. It is hence a robust model, which will let this survey to derive its aims to foster the cognition of operational MNEs in Morocco in a holistic mode.

1. 1 Research purpose and aims

The purpose of this research is to place the motive of MNEs to investing in Morocco as pick of location as portion of their international operations. This survey aimed to give reply to this affair via a holistic attack by analyzing the initial logical thinking for international activity of a house ( why ) and in add-on made an effort to clear up the location motive ( where ) , every bit good as researching the logical thinking for the FDI entry mode vis-a-vis extra entry manners ( how ) . It has included elucidation of both the house particular and state specific elements that play a cardinal function in the finding to carry on international concern via the internalisation of activities in Morocco.

Previous IB research has demonstrated the spread in scientific account of FDI in Morocco as prior discussed in this paper. The research inquiry that gave assistance to the focal point on covering this job was “ How does Dunning ‘ s Eclectic Paradigm explain the motive of transnational endeavors to carry on foreign direct investing in Morocco” . In add-on to this, the survey tried to bring out the undermentioned issues in order to supply answer to the chief research question ;

1. Describe the sort of foreign direct investing that is attracted presently by Morocco.

2. Clarify which assets have had a positive part to the capacity of MNEs to put in Morocco and get the better of the liability of strangeness.

3. Discuss which peculiar state specific factors are perceived most of import in relation to the influence on a house ‘ s operations.

4. Analyze to what extent location-bounded elements find the attractive force of FDI.

5. Describe which debate is found to be of import for the internalisation of Maroc activities by MNEs.

1. 2 Value and part

While research on FDI in developed economic systems is widely offered, the handiness of academic work on FDI attractive force by single emerging economic systems, is instead slender. Furthermore this survey will lend to supply a holistic position of MNE ‘ s abilities and pick for Morocco as their location of international production. This should add to the cognition of regulators and other related histrions in the field to specifically set to the demands of foreign MNEs and therefore supply a better investing clime.

1. 3 Chapter lineation

* The debut subdivision describes the background of this research and gives debut to the issues presently demanded by the academe to analyze. It furthermore offers an analysis of the present FDI operations in Morocco and the governmental policy on FDI.

* Chapter 2 will exemplify the economic state of affairs and development way of the Moroccan economic system aided by some statistics sing this affair. It seeks to give apprehension to the sort environment MNEs are carry oning their foreign direct investing in order to comprehend the concluding consequences more accurately.

* Chapter 3 division of the survey discusses past bookman work that will organize the survey on the research inquiry of this study. It will seek to give reply to the aims that will be examined through the provided tools. Both the survey on the transnational endeavor as an analysis on the eclectic paradigm will be debated every bit good as scholar work on FDI in emerging economic systems.

* Chapter 4 will supply the account of the methodological analysis and give item to the sample choice every bit good as the variables used and their justification.

* Chapter 5 presents the research consequences. These will be explained via the presentation of cross tabular matters, frequence tabular arraies and correlativity matrixes between variables.

* Chapter 6 shall reason the research with a treatment of the research consequences. This should supply extra ground and debate to the result of the informations analysed.

2 Overview of the Moroccan economic system2. 1 Introduction

The undermentioned subdivision will give a brief debut of the Moroccan economic system. It will discourse the economic composing, historical facts sing investing policies and argument international dealingss and current trade understandings.

2. 2 Morocco ‘ s economic system

Maroc population counts for approximately more than 31 million people, with a growing rate of about 1. 5 % ( estimated in 2007 ) . The composing of this economic system exists chiefly on the exports of manufactured goods, touristry and phosphate every bit good as agricultural production ( Economist Intelligence Unit 2009 ) . These activities have contributed to the nominal growing rate from $ 37. 02 billion in 2000 to an estimated $ 88. 90 billion in 2008 ( Gray, Amine 2002 ) .

Annual informations

2008 ( a )

Historical norms ( % )

2004-08

Population ( m )

31. 6

Population growing

1. 2

GDP ( US $ bn ; FX rate )

88. 9

Real GDP growing

4. 9

GDP ( US $ bn ; PPP )

138. 4 ( B )

Real domestic demand growing

6. 2

GDP per caput ( US $ ; FX rate )

2, 812

Inflation

2. 3

GDP per caput ( US $ ; PPP )

4, 378 ( B )

Current-account balance ( % of GDP )

-0. 3

Exchange rate ( Ab ) Dh: US $

7. 75

FDI influxs ( % of GDP )

2. 8

( a ) Actual. ( B ) Economist Intelligence Unit estimates. PPP ( buying power para ) . FX ( market exchange ) .

Table 3 Beginning: ( Economist Intelligence Unit 2009 )

Nevertheless fluctuations on one-year footing are still present due to the economic system ‘ s comparatively high dependence on agribusiness. The function of this industry ( chief production: barley, wheat, citrous fruit, vino, veggies, olives ; farm animal ) in Morocco ‘ s economic and societal history has till this day of the month ever been an of import 1. Even though its figure is predicted to worsen, this industry is presently using 44 % of the work force while entirely lending 12-17 % to the state ‘ s GDP ( CIA 2008 ) , which should give at least some inducement for farther development.

Economy

2000

2005

2006

2007

GDP ( current US $ ) ( one million millions )

37. 02

59. 52

65. 64

75. 12

GDP growing ( one-year % )

1. 6

3. 0

7. 8

2. 7

Inflation, GDP deflator ( one-year % )

-0. 6

1. 5

1. 5

3. 8

Agribusiness, value added ( % of GDP )

15

15

17

14

FDI, cyberspace influxs ( BoP, current US $ ) ( mio )

221

1, 620

2, 366

2, 807

Table 4 Beginning: ( The World Bank 2009 )

The industrialised sectors are comparatively focused in the slightly cardinal country of Morocco along the Atlantic seashore ( Gray, Amine 2002 ) . Areas environing, every bit good as within, the metropoliss of Casablanca, Rabat and Kenitra employed about 15 % of the work force in 2002. Additionally the secondary sector as a whole employs about 19. 8 % of the entire work force while the service industry corresponds to a approximately 35. 5 % of the entire work force ( CIA 2008 ) . In add-on to the Moroccan industrial sector, ( Aziz, Thomas 2004 ) argue that since the 1960s entirely a narrow specialisation has been realized due to the fact that most exported goods are dedicated for the European market. Furthermore the industries are characterized by the presence of a few houses with significant market power ensuing from the missing functioning competition regulations.

Foreign trade as portion of Morocco ‘ s GDP has increased bit by bit since the 1990s as a consequence of the growing and increasing importance of universe trade. Nevertheless for most portion of the last 20 old ages Morocco has repeatedly incurred a trade shortage. In order to restrain this, the authorities has increased the involvement of custom responsibilities. Furthermore the three major foreign exchanges beginnings that have assisted in diminishing the trade shortage spread are the about $ 1 billion in grosss, origin from Maroc exiles overseas, the $ 610 million from the tourers sing the state and $ 480 million from phosphates trade. Morocco ‘ s chief exports include vesture and fabrics, electric constituents, inorganic chemicals, transistors, petroleum minerals, fertilisers ( including phosphates ) , crude oil merchandises, citrous fruit fruits, veggies and fish. The chief imports into the Maroc economic system include rough crude oil, fabric cloth, telecommunications equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors and plastics CIA ( 2008 ) .

Leading Import spouses 2008

% of entire

Leading Export spouses 2008

% of entire

France

17

Spain

18. 7

Spain

14. 2

France

17. 1

Italy

6. 8

Brazil

6. 9

Saudi Arabia

6. 8

United states

4. 4

China

6. 3

Belgique

4. 3

Germany

5. 9

Italy

4. 2

United states

4. 1

Table 5 Beginning: ( CIA 2008 )2. 3 An emerging economic system

Morocco ‘ s independency in 1956, confronted the state with the fact that reforms in its political and economic system were a minimum necessity to prolong the inevitableness of economic and societal development. The state nevertheless faced legion economic every bit good as political troubles prior to the liberalisation of its economic system. One of the most noteworthy steps taken in relation to foreign owned endeavors was the Moroccanization edict. This step, implemented in 1973, limited the ownership of some cardinal industries in the Maroc economic system to no more than 49 % . It was moreover chiefly dedicated to restrain foreign influence, with particular political emphasize on the still overpowering Gallic influence at that clip. Furthermore, it was based on the protection of infant industries against foreign competition, and the believe that this latter would sabotage the ability and security of local endeavors ( Haddad, Harrison 1993 ) .

However, throughout the 1980 ‘ s the Maroc authorities came back from these statute laws and provided auxiliary chances for foreign houses and investors, in order to make a more broad and unfastened economic system. Here structural reforms, every bit good as the execution of investing ordinances, have had a positive impact on the influx of foreign direct investing into the economic system following these old ages. This included the Investment Code that was even more liberalized in the several phases following. Initially the codification included harmonizing Haddad et Al. ( 1993 ) the protection of foreign houses against nationalisation and expropriation and the ability for unrestricted dividend and net income transportation to foreign investors every bit good as the free return of capital and capital additions to foreign investors. These steps were chiefly dedicated to reconstruct macroeconomic balances and convey stableness to the economic system as a whole. They moreover included the annulations of province monopoly on foreign trade, monetary value liberalisation, alteration of the financial system and extra steps to better foreign direct investing such as a denationalization plan ( UNCTAD 2008 ) .

Even though most noteworthy alterations sing investing policies happened during the 1980s, the 1990s were still marked by societal jobs such every bit poorness as a consequence of high unemployment of about 20 % every bit good as a rapid urbanisation. It is merely during the more recent old ages that the Moroccan economic system has been able to profit from these steps and the policies following. An illustration of the part of the economic system ‘ s increasing openness and the established investing clime, was the realisation of 8. 1 % in existent gross domestic production growing and an unemployment rate of less than 10 % in 2006. Furthermore during the last 30 old ages the economic system has even managed to quadruple its gross national income from $ 550 in 1970s to $ 2770 in 2009 ( Najat 2009 ) .

However the World Bank has remarked that even though the strong aspirations and the state ‘ s achieved development in footings of fight and economic system growing, it has still important undertakings to carry through. Elementss such as a volatile economic growing and exposure to variable rainfall, due to its staying high dependence on the agricultural industry, every bit good as its comparatively high unemployment rate among other issues seek solutions consequently ( Najat 2009 ) .

2. 4 International dealingss

In add-on to the farther steps taken by the authorities of Morocco to increase trade and develop a stable environment for investing from abroad Bacaria et Al. ( 2001 ) studies on “ the state ‘ s irrevokable committedness to the international economy” . In their research they further elaborate that the signer to the GATT in 1987 and the subsequent bilateral and many-sided understandings contribute significantly to the believe that Morocco is so working to go the most favorable FDI locations in the country. Most noteworthy trade understandings of such sort include the FTA with the United States ( since 2006 ) , the Agadir understanding which includes Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt ( since 2004 ) , the Turkey understanding ( since 2006 ) , the European Free Trade Association ( since 1999, EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switserland ) which linked to the EU via the European Economic Area, the association understanding with the European Union ( signed in 2000 ) following the Morocco-EU discriminatory understanding ( since 1977 ) . The relevancy to a possible addition in FDI via the being of these understandings can be explained in two crease ; First of all these understandings add to the location attraction for houses seeking to avoid trade barriers. An illustration is the constitutions of EU production installations in Morocco seeking to export to the US ( or the other manner around ) desiring to do usage of the Morocco-USA FTA or the Morocco-EU Association Agreement. Additionally these understandings further provide added security for foreign houses set in the understandings against illegal authorities intercession ( UNCTAD 2008, Aziz, Thomas 2004, WTO 2008 ) . Maghreb Union? ?

2. 5 Drumhead

This chapter provided a concise economic overview every bit good as an debut of the investing policies and international dealingss and trade understandings. The undermentioned chapter will concentrate on the available theoretical cognition sing FDI and MNEs.

3 Literature reappraisal3. 1 Introduction

The literature reappraisal provides the basis of this research, via treatments of old surveies on FDI and international concern. Section 3. 2 will offer a reappraisal of surveies sing international concern and FDI in peculiar. Sections 3. 3, 3. 4 and 3. 5 will debate the O-L-I sub-paradigms severally. In add-on to a farther treatment on the activities of MNEs and their behavior, subdivision 3. 6 will supply a reappraisal of what bookmans have mentioned on the debate of MNE to carry on FDI. In decision subdivision 3. 7 will debate the current research on FDI in emerging economic systems.

3. 2 Previous International Business surveies on FDI

Contemporary surveies that have made an effort to explicate the degree and form of FDI and MNE behavior are found in Dunning ( 1993 ) , ( Buckley, Casson 1985 ) , ( Cantwell 1991 ) and ( Grosse, Behrman 1992 ) . These theories vary from mainstream economic surveies ( Hymer 1976 ) ( Kindleberger 1969, Vernon 1966, Caves 1971 ) , to specific internalisation theory ( Buckley, Casson 1985, Buckley, Casson 1976, Rugman 1980 ) and the Eclectic Paradigm ( Tormenting 1993, Tormenting 1988 ) .

The survey of Hymer ( 1960, 1976 ) was the initial effort to develop a complete theory of MNE behavior in relation to FDI activities ( Calvet 1981 ) . Hymer ‘ s statement derived from industrial organisation theory and focused on a house ‘ s competitory environment. This survey disputed the established theoretical account of perfect competition and advocated for house ‘ s capacity to falsify competition via its ownership. The survey of Hymer formed the basis for Kindleberger ‘ s ( 1969 ) market imperfectnesss theoretical account, which argued that MNEs must possess ownership advantages that should help to get the better of the liability of strangeness in a fresh market and the market itself should be imperfect via exogenic elements such as authorities break and the similar.

During the 1970s IB bookmans were challenged to develop a generalised theory of international production. This resulted in the creative activity of the internalisation theory and the eclectic paradigm ( Tormenting 1993 ) . The call from modern-day research to develop a more holistic position of FDI activities has encouraged this paper to develop an apprehension of the elements described in the Eclectic Paradigm that will besides reflect the MNE position in Morocco. The Eclectic Paradigm introduced in 1976 by John H. Dunning, besides known as the OLI-Paradigm, is in assorted surveies referred to as the taking or dominant account for the growing and chance of transnational activities every bit good as the adjustment for economic theories of the determiners of FDI ( Cantwell, Narula 2001 ) . Its building is based upon the interaction of three separate yet mutualist variables. These sub-paradigms are besides known as the Ownership- , Location- and Internalization specific advantages. Each of these factors accommodates a separate chapter of the theory of transnational endeavor ( Tormenting 2000 ) . Most noteworthy about this model is the predication that each of these accounts should be considered complementary to each other, which should give chance to a complete amplification of a houses ‘ international production building. The eventual OLI constellation of a house, should give rationalisation to its pick to internalise its international activity in a certain location ( Tormenting 1993 ) .

The Ownership specific advantages sub-paradigm ( O advantages ) concentrates on the ability of a house to prosecute in international production activities. This is elaborated by the scrutiny of the proprietary assets that should supply an advantage vis-a-vis competition if a house is so sing international production possibilities. The Location specific advantages ( L- specific advantages ) sub-paradigm, explains the concluding why houses may be attracted to a certain part to carry on its activities via the foreign direct investing ( Dunning 1998 ) . In decision the Internalization specific advantages ( I advantages ) emphasizes on the advantages found that have led to the pick for FDI as entry manner. This may deduce either from the cost advantages found in this entry attack or the control of activity direction, therefore the turning away of market imperfectnesss ( Dunning, Lundan 2008 ) .

3. 3 Ownership specific advantages

The ownership specific gifts of an endeavor represent the assets of an organisation that enable the output of future income watercourses ( Tolentino 2001 ) . Additionally it is defined as a house ‘ s privileged range to its intermediate merchandises ( Tormenting 2000 ) . These ownership particular ( O ) advantages are for this ground claimed to be an interchangeable term for the competitory advantages or monopolistic advantages of a house ( Tormenting 1993 ) . The composing of a houses ‘ plus accumulate exists out of both touchable and intangible assets. This may include the human labor capacity, house size and entree to the intermediate and concluding goods market and its common administration competency, market cognition and technological know-how ( Dunning, Lundan 2008, Grosse 1985, Ueng, Kim & A ; Lee 2000, Trevino, Grosse 2002 ) , every bit good as international experience among other elements ( Agarwal, Ramaswami 1992, Mutinelli, Piscitello 2001 ) .

The O advantages provide for the initial stage in the Eclectic Paradigm to give reply to the logical thinking of a house to run on an international graduated table. This is conducted via the scrutiny of these O advantages in comparing to a house ‘ s rival ‘ s capablenesss. It is hence the preliminary account for growing of international production, in the sense that the alone assemble of assets should supply for the sustainability or promotion in competitory advantage in comparing to its rivals ( Tormenting 1993 ) . Furthermore and possibly more precise is the comparing to endeavors located in the possible host state, which should show the strength to get the better of the liability of strangeness for the investment house ( Miller, Richards 2002 ) .

Neoclassic economic theories such as the theoretical account of Comparative Advantage presented by David Ricardo in 1817 in the publication ‘ On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation ‘ , provided for the interest of simpleness, a perfect runing competitory market, which postulated the ownership of perfect cognition. This was furthermore noteworthy by the exclusion of dealing costs, stationariness of resources, changeless return to graduated table and, in relation to the difference between the current inclusion of O advantages, besides assumed the equal handiness to resources by houses. The O advantages are hence a beginning of perfect market deformation in the sense that it provides for the ability of sole or monopolistic rights over cognition, and therefore enable for the augmentation of international production via the development of these assets ( Tormenting 2000 ) . The treatment sing O advantages has since the 1960s been focused on the ownership kinds presented as the “ possession and development monopolistic power” , the “ possession of a package of scarce, alone and sustainable resources and capabilities” and the “ competencies of directors of houses to place, measure and tackle resources and capabilities” in the market every bit good as to organize the given assets in order to progress a house ‘ s place ( Tormenting 2000 ) . Nevertheless recent pattern has witnessed the displacement towards a modern-day survey, in which houses contractually coordinate their set of external assets in the signifier of planetary value concatenation direction ( Gereffi, Humphrey & A ; Sturgeon 2005 ) .

The Eclectic Paradigm advocates for the dynamic function of O advantages in the sense that it includes the possibility for endogenous augmentation of assets via R & A ; D and international experience. Unlike the inactive attacks towards international production such as the internalisation theory, which claims that the ownership advantages are derived from the perpendicular and horizontal integrating, the Eclectic Paradigms ‘ perceptual experience is that due to the presence of proprietary assets, the deformation of supply and demand by authorities and market participants every bit good as the favoritism of market participants as the beginning of structural market imperfectness and therefore the logical thinking for ongoing research and development and sustainability of assets ( Tormenting 2000, Tolentino 2001 ) . In add-on to the strength of ownership specific advantages, surveies have found of import grounds in the state origin component of the investment house. The features such as the domestic competitory environment, entrepreneurial stimulation and extra inducements every bit good as the handiness of capital are critical to the development of alone house abilities ( Nachum, Jones & A ; Dunning 2001 ) . There is nevertheless a positive correlativity between the addition in multinationality and the augmentation of these assets ( Nachum, Rolle 1999 ) . This is explained by the fact that houses increase their planetary experience in the signifier of efficient coordination and competitory exposure every bit good as its international experience in the sense of foreign market interaction and exposure ( Tormenting 1993 ) , which should finally take to the diminishing involvement of state of origin influence in a MNE ‘ s plus accumulate and hence become “ stateless universe citizens” ( Nachum, Rolle 1999 ) .

3. 4 Location specific advantages

In order for a house to happen motive for direct investing in a specific market, it must happen the penchants that will augment its ownership specific advantages and therefore act upon its competitory place ( Tormenting 1993 ) . These exploitable location features found, are besides known as the Location particular ( L ) advantages. This may concern the local gifts such as establishments, resources, economic composing and civilization, among other elements that form the word picture of a certain economic system ( McCann, Mudambi 2004 ) .

As a 2nd leg of the Eclectic Paradigm, the L advantages give account to the pick of location via the cognition of superior immobile factors in a specific location and the ability to use these consequently ( Tormenting 1998 ) . The importance of this leg is presented by the fact that different behaviors and public presentation among MNEs is explained by the planetary presence of economic, societal, cultural and institutional differences ( Peng 2001 ) . This interaction has led for the analysis of the L advantages to go the emerging rule component in the decision-making procedure sing FDI ( Tormenting 1998, Mudambi, Mudambi 2002 ) .

The perceptual experience of importance sing an economic system ‘ s features may differ among houses based on their FDI motive ( Tormenting 1998 ) . For illustration, most of the FDI activity found in emerging economic systems ( i. e. Morocco ) , and less developed economic systems are of the natural resource- and market seeking sort. Nevertheless, due to the force that FDI has on economic development, it is suggested that extra activities are likely to go available to these economic systems and hence provide chance for more strategic-asset seeking sort of FDI. This should hold a farther influence on the location specific variable demand by houses ( Tormenting 1993, Cantwell, Narula 2001 ) . It is for this ground that the theoretical account presented in the survey of Hatem ( 1997 ) , where market entree and its growing every bit good as the economic and institutional installations are perceived notably of import than the handiness of trade goods, labour cost and the concern sing protectionism in an economic system, is non needfully applicable to each FDI activity and therefore each economic system in a certain point in clip. In relation to this, the significance of location variables are besides suggested to be depended on the industry composing, house beginning i. e. in relation to cultural and geographic propinquity, house specific concerns extra to the FDI motive ( Tormenting 2000 ) .

Among the context-specific theories that were intended to depict the logical thinking for distribution and location of activities, was the survey of Vernon ( 1966 ) . This survey made an effort to explicate the logical thinking for international production in a certain phase of merchandise development and focused on the cost advantages of foreign production in relation to moo labor costs. Furthermore, the survey ‘ Follow my leader ‘ by Knickerbocker ( 1973 ) provided the principle elucidation of FDI constellating in a certain country where other rivals of the oligopolistic industry are available. Additionally, Rugman ( 1979 ) gave account in his ‘ Risk variegation ‘ survey to the necessity to distribute hazard via the planetary distribution of house activities ( Tormenting 1998 ) . Recent location specific surveies have shifted their focal point towards the “ concentration and bunch of some sort of economic activity” , “ the function of exchange rates in impacting the extent, geographics and timing of FDI” and the “ ideology that an optimal location portfolio of assets is a competitory advantage in its ain right” ( Tormenting 2000 ) .

In decision, these surveies have enabled the building of a digest of elements that may be deciding factors, within the model of Economic, Social and Political categories. Features such as trade barriers have been found to hold authorization over the possible addition of income degree. Furthermore the lessenings of information costs are suggested to be straight linked to a close propinquity of cultural, every bit good as geographical distance. Other noteworthy variables such as the degree of corruptness, which is defined as the maltreatment of public office for private addition, have been noted to worsen the attractive force of FDI ( Outreville 2008 ) . Additionally, Dunning ( 1993, 2008 ) , suggested the cost of labor, handiness of natural resources, local and international rivals presence every bit good as force per unit area from rivals in the domestic market, the international incorporation of the host state and governmental schemes, inducements, handiness of distribution channels, local demand, transit costs, corporate revenue enhancement system, the degree of substructure, labour productiveness degree, enforcement of ordinances and the handiness of belongings right protection, every bit good as the handiness of local funding and the political links between place state and host economic system, to be among the properties that are examined during the location determination doing procedure by MNEs.

3. 5 Internalization specific advantages

The 3rd leg of the Eclectic Paradigm allows for the description of the open advantages that have led to the internalisation of a MNEs international activity. The Internalization specific advantages sub-paradigm derives from the Orthodox internalisation school ( Tormenting 1998 ) , that provided amplification to the question ‘ Why organisations treaty themselves to the FDI sort of entry manner, while alternate manners exist? ‘ ( Grosse 1985 ) . In other words, these dealing economic theories are described as surveies that seek to analyze the motive of MNEs to internalise their activities as an option to the leasing of O-specific advantages to foreign houses ( Tormenting 2000 ) . The I-specific advantages sub-paradigm should convey forward the benefits MNEs have found on the footing of hazard decrease by the addition of control every bit good as the addition of efficiency by cost economy patterns ( Paul, Maurice 2009 ) .

Buckley and Casson ( 1976 ) were among the first bookmans that provided a construct, which included the linkages between the effects of market imperfectnesss and the demand for perpendicular integrating of activities. In their surveies they have mentioned the absence of future markets, unstable bargaining conditions, and authorities intercessions as a noteworthy influence in the thrust to internalisation. ( Pak, Park 2004 ) . Furthermore, it is suggested that the cost of external market use is positively correlated with the grade of market imperfectness ( Tormenting 2000 ) . Therefore, it is merely when the costs of external market use in the signifier of intermediate merchandises information, engineering, selling techniques, extra to other procedures is greater than the FDI operations, an organisation should rationally reason that the use of contractual understandings shall non work its full potency and hence will non to the full add to the betterment of a houses ‘ O-specific advantages ( Tolentino 2001, Pak, Park 2004 ) . Furthermore the perceived intense uncertainnesss and legal restraints in particularly emerging i. e. Morocco and less developed economic systems, make it complicated to pull off contracts with 3rd parties that are frequently specific to each item of a houses ‘ activity in that market every bit good as the vulnerable exposure of O-specific advantages to 3rd parties ( Agarwal, Ramaswami 1992 ) .

The Eclectic Paradigm that stands for the dynamic ability of O-specific advantages does non portion the idea with the Internalization school on several evidences. The Eclectic Paradigm acknowledges the possibility that houses do non needfully hold a individual focal point on the decrease of costs deducing from minutess. Other elements in relation to the production and commercialism of the house such as general cost direction of extra concern procedures every bit good as economic systems of graduated table may good be included in the motive for internalisation. Furthermore, Dunning ( 2000 ) claims that the function of invention in the current planetary economic system every bit good as the market demand to work and research the available L advantages in a foreign economic system requires for the reappraisal of the current account of internalisation.

3. 6 The function of the transnational endeavor

At the nucleus of International production scientific discipline resides the behavior survey of the transnational endeavor ( MNE ) . The MNE is defined as the entity that carries out its activities across boundaries and is present in more than one state in the follow up of one of the assorted FDI sorts ( Samuel, S. Trevis 2006 ) . It is furthermore despite this international presence resolute in a common scheme by the linkages of its affiliates and seeks a comprehensive cooperation with entities in its value concatenation regardless of their location. Additionally, it exploits the possibility to pull from a common pool of resources, including the proprietary assets gained ( Rugman, Simon 2009 ) . The U. S. agency of statistics consider a U. S. house foreign controlled when a foreign house has a lower limit of 10 per centum stocks in control. This would do a house an affiliate and therefore the proprietor a MNE. The same would number for a U. S. house having a commanding portion in a foreign-based house ( Paul, Maurice 2009 ) .

The operations of a MNE differ from an international organisation in the sense that MNEs are non bound to the gross revenues and purchases of stuffs or services from the place state location, whereas an international organisation entirely operates via the exporting method or a representative in a foreign economic system. In add-on to this, an MNE may happen exposure due to its physical international presence to a more complex set of environmental elements, such as host economic system competition, a assortment of client demands and providers, variegation in fiscal establishments and governmental ordinances and is for this ground frequently enforced to happen strategic tantrum to the demands of the local conditions ( Samuel, S. Trevis 2006 ) . Early international concern research described the presence of MNEs as a break to a perfect competitory market. As old subdivisions of this research have elaborated, their ability to run internationally is a direct effect of their ownership specific advantages. These assets and their ability to guard them, supply MNEs to implement a certain monopolistic scheme in footings of pricing and therefore the development of their proprietary assets ( Tormenting 1993, Grosse 1985 ) .

In relation to the behavior and investing motive of MNEs, research has uncovered that the MNE is directed by four sorts of direct investing stimulation, which may act upon the sensed importance of location features. Furthermore, it is suggested that different inducements are needed in order to pull specific sorts of FDI ( Tormenting 1993 ) .

The strategic-asset seeking investing sort is explained by its characteristic to supply for strategic solutions via location advantages to derive or keep market portion. Firms engage in this sort of scheme if they see chance to avoid a current or possible comparative disadvantage of their place in the industry. We may happen illustrations of this in Knickerbockers ‘ ( 1973 ) ‘ Follow my leader ‘ hypothesis. This conventional survey described the logical thinking for FDI in an oligopolistic industry as exogenously driven, where houses imitate the motion of a notable industry member in order to minimise the possible competitory disadvantage ( Calvet 1981 ) .

Subsequently, the natural resource seeking investing sort is chiefly driven by the chance to work or/and to procure the presence of certain location specific resource. This may include the low cost unskilled and skilled labors, trade goods and the acquisition of technological capacity, direction capablenesss, every bit good as organizational- and selling proficiencies.

The market seeking investing signifier is reasoned by its demand to physically function a market from within. A house prosecuting in this type of FDI is believed to hold gained experience in that peculiar market via extra low committedness investing manners of international trade ( Dunning, Lundan 2008 ) . The passage that can take to the market seeking sort of FDI are deducing from elements such as practical trade barriers, or limited handiness of the merchandise or service to the market. Additionally, houses may happen that due to the extended cultural customization of its merchandises or service, it is better served by the promotion of cognition of the market by larning from within ( Tormenting 1993 ) .

In decision, the old detailed investing types are non common sole by nature. An MNE has the option to seek for more than one scheme in a specific location. In the follow up of one of the anterior mentioned investing motives, houses may farther implement an efficiency seeking investing. This sort of investing explores to increase the economic systems of graduated table and range every bit good as the variegation of hazard and common administration. A house may depend on its will and ability to work the international concern larning experience, every bit good as the familiarisation with assorted civilizations and the chance to derive from cost arbitrage across boundary lines. Example of this pattern can be found in the specialisation of R & A ; D in one part while production is managed in another part. Both parts being exploited for their factor gifts ( Tormenting 1998, Brouthers, Brouthers & A ; Werner 1996 ) .

3. 7 Foreign direct investing in emerging economic systems

The significance of the survey on FDI in emerging economic systems is reflected by the fact that this signifier of international pattern has been a cardinal subscriber to the development of globalisation and moreover the formation of economic incorporate countries as old briefly described in the. Introduction subdivision of this study. Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) which is identified as “ the class of international investing that reflects the aim of a resident entity in one economic system obtaining a permanent involvement in an endeavor occupant in another economy” ( OECD 2008 ) , has as a chief characteristic, the international flow of capital specifically aimed to make or spread out the affiliate in the fresh state of production. In add-on to this, a house may seek to reassign control and the execution of new organisational constructions and extra resources that would heighten operations that are to be internalized ( Paul, Maurice 2009 ) .

Extra importance sing the consequence of FDI has been found in abundant direction every bit good as international concern literature. For illustration early apprehension of the consequence of FDI sing micro and macro economic elements was brought frontward by surveies such as Vernon ‘ s ‘ product life rhythm ‘ ( 1966 ) theory. The PLC survey argued that FDI would develop non merely the employment chance for developing economic systems, but every bit good flux into the chance for these economic systems to later develop their ain export market via the engineering spill-over consequence ( Vernon 1966 ) , which may originate “ from non-market minutess when resources, notably cognition, are spread without contractual relationship” ( Meyer 2004 ) .

Indeed other more modern-day surveies such as Borensztein et Al. ( 2000 ) re-examined the consequence of cognition handiness and based upon the analysis of FDI in 69 emerging economic systems, that the transportation of engineering has a significantly greater consequence on the growing of an economic system than the domestic investing attack would hold had, if conditions such as sufficient absorbent capacity in the signifier of human capital and the similar are available in the host economic system ( Borensztein, De Gregorio & A ; Lee 1998 ) . Lewis ( 2004 ) argued that even instruction as an of import beginning for higher productiveness is inferior to the consequence of cognition transportation led by MNEs in a developing economic system and therefore the conflict against poorness ( Lewis 2004 ) .

In general we are enabled to split the effects of FDI on an economic system in direct and indirect factors. Initially, the direct effects that a host economic system may see, are as mentioned antecedently, found in the influx of capital, transportation of production engineering, but every bit good the handiness of advanced cognition in the signifier of fresh R & A ; D methodological analysis, direction and selling techniques ( Dunning, Lundan 2008 ) . An auxiliary direct consequence of FDI can be found in the demand for establishments that form the supporting industry for MNEs in the host economic system and the demand for recognized productiveness degrees by MNEs, which may take to either new foreign houses to come in the host economic system or the investing in engineering of local providers, in order to follow with value concatenation demands ( Dunning, Lundan 2008 ) .

Subsequently and in add-on to the indirect effects, the entree of local houses to more qualified force is likely to broaden in the sense that the hiring of persons trained by multinationals may possess cognition that would non be widely available in pre-FDI state of affairss. Furthermore, the higher value added import and export that is exposed to local houses may take to change by reversal technology and hence promotion of local ownership advantages ( Dunning, Lundan 2008 ) .

In relation to the MNEs ‘ point of position on FDI, Sing and Jun ( 1995 ) supported the fact that surveies on FDI determiners should do a clear differentiation based on the having economic system ‘ s features. In their research they have made an effort to analyze the MNE location determinacy based on social-political elements, perceptual experience of local favorable concern conditions, and every bit good implemented the scrutiny of export orientated economic construction as possible beginnings of FDI attractive force. In order to bring forth a more exact result of the MNE behavior based on the location features they have separated low-FDI pulling economic systems from high-FDI pulling economic systems and so found different perceptual experiences among the available MNEs. They concluded with the consequence that among the high-FDI group, political hazard was of great importance for the available MNEs, while productiveness is considered significantly more of import in peculiarly low-FDI economic systems. The degree of exports was found to be strongly correlated with FDI flows in preponderantly high-FDI states. In relation to an economic system ‘ s concern conditions, it is argued that chiefly for the high-FDI subdivision the quality of concern conditions is an of import factor. Additionally the behavior of MNEs in high-FDI economic systems suggests the possible turning away of duties and other trade barriers after the consideration of market size and farther location-specific variables.

Tahir and Larimo ( 2009 ) argued nevertheless that in add-on to FDI in developing economic systems, the academe is in demand of extra empirical analysis that includes a more holistic position. In their effort to provide to this demand, they have examined the internalisation, location and ownership specific features of 135 Finnish MNEs operational in emerging markets of Asia via the FDI manner. Specifically they included the most discussed elements in the OLI model. This included harmonizing to their survey ; the R & A ; D strength, house size of the MNEs, international experience every bit good as cultural distance perceptual experience, the importance of pay rate, market size, host economic system ‘ s corporate revenue enhancement system, rising prices, state hazard and exchange rate fluctuations.

The constrained of the old mentioned academic work nevertheless, is harmonizing to Wahid ( 2009 ) visual in the fact that scrutinies such as these provide no specific consideration for differences among economic and socio-political conditions of the emerging economic systems. He postulates that the result of country-to-country scrutiny should be more precise and dependable than the bunch of emerging economic systems. Surveies that utilized the eclectic paradigm cognition on single emerging economic systems include ( Tatoglu, W. Glaister 1998 ) and ( Torrisi et al. 2009 ) . Wahid ( 2009 ) nevertheless noted that due to the comparatively small portion of planetary FDI in the African continent, the supply of empirical research on single African provinces is relatively slender and hence deserves more attending from bookmans ( Wahid, Sawkut & A ; Seetanah 2009 ) .

However one of the surveies that contributed to the cognition of FDI in Morocco specifically was conducted by ( Bacaria, Juarez 2001 ) . This research focused on the FDI determiners of Spanish houses in Morocco by analyzing 13 MNEs operational in the economic system, via direct interview method. Its scrutiny uncovered that the features of Spanish endeavors in Morocco so owned a certain superior plus in the market and possesses a leader place in their sector. Furthermore foreign MNEs in this economic system hold an acceptable grade of fiscal liberty and considered investing assistance to be undistinguished. However this sample reflects on the anterior trade cognition as an of import facet in their location determination. Despite this part, this survey is limited due to its focal point on entirely the Spanish endeavor, which may comprehend the importance of given elements otherwise than endeavors from extra nationalities as is suggested by Tormenting ( 1993 ) .

3. 8 Drumhead

We have initiated this subdivision with a presentation on old IB surveies and some illustrations of developed theories. This was followed by focal point on the eclectic paradigm building and the

4 Methodology4. 1 Introduction

This chapter will take to clear up the methodological analysis adopted for this survey in order to make its aims. It will supply an analysis of the purposes and aims for this research every bit good as the method that is utilised and the procedure and design of this study. Furthermore a rational account will be given sing the sampling and the usage of a questionnaire study.

4. 2 Research purpose and aims

Research purpose

The purpose of this research is to place the motive of MNEs to investing in Morocco as pick of location as portion of their international operations.

Research inquiry

How does Dunning ‘ s Eclectic Paradigm explain the motive of transnational endeavors to carry on foreign direct investing in Morocco?

Research aims:

1. Describe the sort of foreign direct investing that is attracted presently by Morocco.

2. Clarify which assets have had a positive part to the capacity of MNEs to put in Morocco and get the better of the liability of strangeness.

3. Discuss which peculiar state specific factors are perceived most of import in relation to the influence on a house ‘ s operations.

4. Analyze to what extent location-bounded elements find the attractive force of FDI.

5. Describe which debate is found to be of import for the internalisation of Maroc activities by MNEs.

4. 3 Research method

We have analyzed the OLI model presented by Tormenting ( 1993 ) by critically reexamining the literature sing FDI and the related three sub-paradigms researched by extra IB bookmans. We have nevertheless followed path of the original model and perceived the premise that the three elements of the eclectic paradigm signifier the wide basis for MNEs in their determination devising procedure sing FDI. This attack, which is besides known as the deductive method, has allowed us to use a general rule and use it to a specific instance ( BRYMAN ) .

This research has focused on the designation of the motives of MNEs to investing in Morocco as pick of location as portion of their international operations. For this ground it has seeked to derive informations from the direction of MNEs operational in Morocco via a questionnaire study in order to analyze the factors that were perceived applicable and most important in their determination devising procedure for international production.

4. 4 Research procedure

4. 5 Research design and model4. 5. 1 Questionnaire study

We have utilized three types of inquiries in the questionnaire study ; the initial type is of the nominal sort where participants are allowed to react to either yes or no. Subsequently participants were exposed to likert-scale inquiries in which understanding ( 1-5 ) could be expressed based on the related statement and thirdly a set of multiple pick inquiries were available where participants were allowed to take from more than two options.

4. 5. 2 Procedure

The questionnaire study ( see appendix # ) consisted out of two chief parts. The first portion ( subdivision A ) consisted out of inquiries that were aimed to pull out background information of the organisation ( e. g. the size of the house and head one-fourth location ) . In the undermentioned portion ( subdivision B ) , the variables adopted from ( Tormenting 1993, Dunning, Lundan 2008 ) were utilised. These variables have been presented as the most important points that are act uponing house policy on FDI.

The experiment used Ownership, Location and Internalization specific variables that were tested on importance to each MNE ‘ s operations. Each participant could bespeak the significance of a statement for his overall scheme or day-to-day processs. Via this method the relevance of each variable was tested on the operations in Morocco. In the last portion of subdivision B, participants were asked for the pertinence of certain statements, due to the fact that entirely a individual pick was possible ( i. e. applicable or non applicable ) .

4. 5. 2 Sampling

The sample consist of 16 selected MNEs operational in the Moroccan economic system that were approached via a questionnaire study. The initial purpose was to include 40 MNEs belonging to the records of the HIC Rotterdam and AMCHAM Morocco. These two organisations were able to help in this undertaking due to their cognition and web of MNEs in Morocco. Finally 7 Dutch MNEs and 9 American MNEs were willing to take part and contributed their strategic penetration and experience of FDI in the Moroccan economic system, which in fact reflected the sample size of ( Bacaria, Juarez 2001 ) . The participants were contacted via electronic mail and later were presented to an on-line study in, which

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