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History of the atomic model essay

The atomic theoretical account is non a concrete, one-hundred per centum accurate word picture of the atom or description of what the atom is like. We ca n’t establish our theoretical account on existent observations of atoms, because they are excessively little to be seen with our most sensitive instruments.

Alternatively, we must come up with a theoretical account of an atom that can account for and explicate observations that we can really see. As new observations are made over clip, by scientists Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr, the theoretical account of the atom has evolved over clip. Democritus is credited with coming up with the term atom in 400 BC.

He wanted to cognize what would go on if you kept interrupting down something into smaller and smaller pieces. Could you maintain interrupting it down into smaller and smaller pieces? Democritus determined that if you kept interrupting down the object, you would acquire it to a size that could no longer be broken. This was called the indivisible piece by the Greeks.

In Greek, “ atomos” meant indivisible. Therefore, the indivisible piece became termed “ the atom” for short ( CompSoc ) . In the late 1700s, multiple scientists studied reactions and conducted controlled experiments, taking to new thoughts that set the foundation for the development of more accurate atomic theories and theoretical accounts In the early 1800s, John Dalton, an perceiver of conditions and inventor verify of the Law of Conservation of Mass among other things, was one of those scientists who performed controlled experiments and came up with a different atomic theory. He proved that affair can non be created or destroyed by ordinary chemical or physical reactions and devised a speculation in an effort to explicate how and why elements would unite with one another in fixed ratios and sometimes besides in multiples of those ratios. He noted that O and C combined to do two compounds. He discovered that for the same sum of C, one had precisely twice every bit much O as the other ( De Leon, N ) . This led him to suggest the Law of Multiple Proportions, which states that when two or more elements form more than one compound, the ratio of the weights of one component that combine with a given weight of another component in the different compounds is a ratio of little whole Numberss.

For illustration, C and O can organize both CO and CO2. The Law of Multiple Proportions can be regarded as an extension of the early Law of Definite Proportions, which states that the proportions by weight of the elements present in any pure compound are ever the same. For illustration, NaCl will ever be 39.

3 percent Sodium and 60. Percentage Chlorine. His atomic theory, stated that elements consisted of bantam atoms called atoms. He said that the ground an component is pure is because all atoms of an component were indistinguishable and that in peculiar they had the same mass. He besides said that the ground elements differed from one another was that atoms of each component were different from one another ; in peculiar, they had different multitudes ( De Leon, N ) . This determination, nevertheless, was subsequently proved incorrect by farther surveies that demonstrated how atoms of the same component could differ: atoms could be either isotopes or ions. He besides said that compounds consisted of atoms of different elements combined together in whole figure ratios.

Compounds are pure substances because the atoms of different elements are bonded to one another somehow, possibly by maulerss, and are non easy separated from one another. In fact, he stated that atoms can non be subdivided, created or destroyed. Later experiments nevertheless, besides proved this determination incorrect in that atomic reactions can divide an atom. Compounds have changeless composing because they contain a fixed ratio of atoms and each atom has its ain characteristic weight, therefore repairing the weight ratio of one component to the other. In add-on he said that chemical reactions involved the combination, separation and rearrangement of combinations of those atoms ( Doblecki ) . In other words, Dalton ‘ s theoretical account was that the atoms were bantam, indivisible, indestructible atoms and that each one had a certain mass, size, and chemical behaviour that was determined by what sort of component they wereDalton did non convert everyone right off, nevertheless. Although a figure of chemists were rapidly convinced of the truth of the theory, JJ Thomson believed otherwise. In 1897, he by chance discovered the negatron through a series of experiments designed to analyze the nature of electric discharge in a high-vacuum cathode-ray tube—an country being investigated by legion scientists at the clip.

Thomson had an intimation that the ‘ rays ‘ emitted from the negatron gun were inseparable from the latent charge, and decided to seek and turn out this by utilizing a magnetic field. His first experiment was to construct a cathode beam tubing with a metal cylinder on the terminal. This cylinder had two slits in it, taking to electrometers, which could mensurate little electric charges. He found that by using a magnetic field across the tubing, there was no activity recorded by the electrometers and so the charge had been bent off by the magnet. This proved that the negative charge and the beam were inseparable and intertwined ( Encyclopedia Britannica ) He did non halt at that place, and developed a 2nd phase to the experiment, to turn out that the beams carried a negative charge. To turn out this hypothesis, he attempted to debar them with an electric field. Earlier experiments had failed to endorse this up, but Thomson thought that the vacuity in the tubing was non good plenty, and found ways to greatly better the quality. For this, he constructed a somewhat different cathode beam tubing, with a fluorescent coating at one terminal and a close perfect vacuity.

Halfway down the tubing were two electric home bases, bring forthing a positive anode and a negative cathode, which he hoped would debar the beams. As he expected, the beams were deflected by the electric charge, turn outing beyond uncertainty that the beams were made up of charged atoms transporting a negative charge ( Doblecki ) . He discovered the negatron! In his 3rd experiment, he used scientific tax write-off by executing a series of interrelated experiments, bit by bit roll uping informations and turn outing a hypothesis. He decided to seek to work out the nature of the atoms.

They were excessively little to hold their mass or charge calculated straight, but he attempted to infer this from how much the atoms were dead set by electrical currents, of changing strengths. Thomson found out that the mass to bear down ratio was so high that the atoms either carried a immense charge, or were a 1000 clip smaller than a H ion. He decided upon the latter and came up with the thought that the cathode beams were made of atoms that emanated from with the atoms themselves. Thomson took the thought of the atom and tried to integrate the grounds for the negatron. In the diagram on the right, the negatrons are the little things and the remainder of the material is some positive affair. This is normally called the plum pudding theoretical account because the negatrons are similar things in positive pudding.

The plums were negative because cathode beams deflected towards the positive terminal. The pudding was defined by Thomson as the empty infinite that surrounded negatrons because the overall charge of the atom had to be impersonal, so he deductively reasoned that this infinite had to be positive In 1911, Ernest Rutherford, under the theory that atoms are unvarying in construction, said “ hey, I think I will hit some material at atoms. ” So he did. He fired radioactive atoms through circumstantially thin metal foils ( notably gold ) and detected them utilizing screens coated with Zn sulphide ( a scintillator ) . He thought to himself, “ If you shoot these positive alpha atoms at this positive pudding atom, they should largely resile off, right? ” Well, that is non what happened. Although some of them did resile back, Rutherford found that most of the alpha particles— one in eight-thousand— went right through the foil ( Chemical Heritage Foundation ) . He said, “ It was as if you fired a 15 inch heavy weapon shell at a piece of tissue paper and it bounced back and hit you” . His experiment became famously known as the gold foil experiment.

How could that be if the plummet pudding theoretical account was right? Rutherford ‘ s experiment prompted a alteration in the atomic theoretical account. After two old ages of contemplating the consequences of his experiment, he came up with a new atomic theory. His atomic theory described the atom as holding a dumbly jammed cardinal positive karyon surrounded by negative revolving negatrons ( Chemical Heritage Foundation ) .

He concluded that the centre repelled the negatrons. This theoretical account suggested that most of the mass of the atom was contained in the little karyon, and that the remainder of the atom was largely empty infinite ( Doblecki ) . Niels Bohr proposed yet another atomic theoretical account in 1915, which was a simplified image of an atom known as the Bohr Model that stemmed from old surveies by Max Planck and Albert Einstein. Max Planck presented a theoretical account of the spectrum of radiation emitted by an object that glows when heated.

He argued that the walls of a radiance solid could be imagined to incorporate a series of resonating chambers that oscillated at different frequences. These resonating chambers gain energy in the signifier of heat from the walls of the object and lose energy in the signifier of electromagnetic radiation ( Doblecki ) . The energy of these resonating chambers at any minute is relative to the frequence with which they oscillate. Albert Einstein extended Planck ‘ s work to the visible radiation that had been emitted. Einstein suggested that light behaved as if it was a watercourse of little packages, or packages, of energy ( MacTutor ) . In other words, visible radiation was quantized, or denumerable Bohr so took Planck ‘ s and Einstein ‘ s findings on energy and developed an atomic theory that is similar to quantum mechanics, the right theory of the atom, but is much simpler. In the Bohr Model the neutrons and protons, symbolized by ruddy and bluish balls, occupy a heavy cardinal part called the karyon, and the negatrons orbit the nucleus much like planets revolving the Sun. He found that negatrons travel in stationary orbits defined by their angular impulse.

This led to the computation of possible energy degrees for these orbits and the predication that the emanation of light occurs when an negatron moves into a lower energy orbit ( MacTutor ) . Calculations based on Bohr ‘ s theoretical account determined that the forms of the orbitals of the negatrons vary harmonizing to the energy province of the negatron. Bohr discovered that different negatrons have different energies. The lowest energy province is by and large termed the land province. The provinces with in turn more energy than the land province are called the first aroused province, the 2nd aroused province, and so on. Then, when an negatron moves back to its normal energy degree, it releases electromagnetic energyFinally, we have reached the negatron cloud theoretical account, which the current atomic theoretical account used today in scientific, educational and research scenes.

The negatron cloud theoretical account is a theoretical account of the atom where the negatrons are no longer depicted as atoms traveling around the karyon in a fixed mode, like in the Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr theoretical accounts. Alternatively, the negatron cloud theoretical account does non exemplify precisely where negatrons are—their likely location can merely be described as around the karyon merely as an arbitrary ‘ cloud ‘ ( Science Encyclopedia ) . The karyon contains both protons and neutrons, while the negatrons float about exterior of the karyon. Within the karyon, the chance of happening an negatrons is. 00, but within the negatron cloud there is a high chance of happening negatrons As I stated earlier, nevertheless, the atomic theoretical account is non a concrete, one-hundred per centum accurate word picture of the atom or description of what the atom is like.

We can non establish our theoretical account on existent observations of atoms, because they are excessively little to be seen even with our most sensitive instruments. Therefore, this current atomic theoretical account is most likely to alter in the hereafter, as engineering progresss and scientists continue in-depth research and experimentation. Most likely, pupils ‘ documents a few old ages from now will necessitate to be 12 pages alternatively of six to sketch the history of the ever-changing atomic theoretical account.

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