Frontiers in oxytocin science: from basic to practice

Oxytocin is a paramount social hormone in mammals and accumulating evidence also strengthens a leading role of this nonapeptide in human social behavior. From voles to men, oxytocin modulates an intriguing number of social behaviors that resonates across species. Behaviors modulated by oxytocin include the quality of pair bonding, parenting, social stress, in-group and out-group relationships, and social communications. Recent molecular genetic studies of the human oxytocin receptor ( OXTR ) gene have strengthened the evidence regarding the role of this nonapeptide in a range of normal and pathological human behaviors. Moreover, dysfunctions in the oxytocin neural pathways are likely contributing to deficits in social skills and communication in several psychiatric disorders. Indeed, a growing number of clinical studies are now testing the therapeutic effect of intranasal oxytocin administration in mental disorders- from autism to schizophrenia.

Our social behavior is extraordinarily complex and is mediated by multiple and overlapping systems. Thus, it remains a challenging task to understand the neurobiology and neuroendocrinology underlying this complexity. One of the important determinants of human social behavior is the oxytocin system, which has provided a uniquely promising avenue of research toward revealing the tapestry of these complex social phenotypes. This Research Topic provide a broad view of the current state of oxytocin science in humans and illustrate how pharmacological, genetic, and neuroimaging strategies can be successfully combined toward unraveling the mystery of how human social behavior is regulated.

Part A provides several review articles outlining salient facets of current oxytocin research. Lopatina et al. (2013) focus on translational approaches and show how rodent models elucidate the roles of the OXTR and CD38 genes in social behaviors. This review generates new perspectives in clinical therapies for diseases characterized by deficits in social cognition. Kumsta et al. (2013) provide an overview of the functional importance of OXTR promoter region methylation and summarizes a group of epigenetic studies that reveal the role of OXTR methylation signatures in shaping behavioral phenotypes. Quintana et al. (2013) highlight a key role for autonomic cardiac control in social behavior and psychiatric disorders and suggest the intriguing idea that autonomic cardiac control may moderate the relationship between oxytocin and social behavior. MacDonald (2013) discusses three factors that can influence individual responses to intranasal administration of oxytocin; sex and hormonal status, genetic variation, and attachment history. Finally, MacDonald and Feifel (2013) discuss the promise of oxytocin-based therapeutics and identify 10 key questions that future oxytocin research should address to facilitate oxytocin use in clinical medicine and truly deliver this molecule’s therapeutic potential.

Part B provides several research articles from basic methodology to the powerful strategy combining molecular genetics and neuroimaging, so-called imaging genomics. van IJzendoorn et al. (2012) address the important question of how long salivary oxytocin levels remain elevated following intranasal administration and further examine the effect of different doses of oxytocin administration. Kret and De Dreu (2013) explore the effect of intranasal oxytocin in the context of group formation and further consider the effect of fetal testosterone and empathic concern on this process. Fischer-Shofty et al. (2013) test the effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on fear recognition in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. Finally, Sauer et al. (2013) describe an imaging genomics approach using intranasal oxytocin administration during responses to social stimuli. Specifically, they investigate interactions between oxytocin and dopamine-related genes in contributing to individual differences in the activation of different brain regions.

Understanding social behavior in our species is not only clinically extremely relevant for disorders characterized by dysfunctional social relationships, but also research on human social hormones has important implications beyond the clinic. Revealing the biological roots of human social behavior impacts the Social Sciences, including economics, sociology and psychology and moreover, is of great interest to the public at large.

Part A

1. Review Article

The Roles of Oxytocin and CD38 in Social or Parental Behaviors

Olga Lopatina, Alena Inzhutova, Alla B. Salmina and Haruhiro Higashida

2. Mini Review Article

Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor gene: implications for behavioral neuroscience

Robert Kumsta, Elisabeth Hummel, Frances S. Chen and Markus Heinrichs

3. Review Article

A role for autonomic cardiac control in the effects of oxytocin on social behavior and psychiatric illness

Daniel S. Quintana, Andrew H. Kemp, Gail A. Alvares and Adam J. Guastella

4. Mini Review Article

Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin

Kai S. MacDonald

5. Review Article

Helping oxytocin deliver: considerations in the development of oxytocin-based therapeutics for brain disorders

K. MacDonald and D. Feifel

Part B

1. Original Research Article

Elevated Salivary Levels of Oxytocin Persist More than 7 h after Intranasal Administration

Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, Ritu Bhandari, Rixt van der Veen, Karen M. Grewen and Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg

2. Original Research Article

Oxytocin-Motivated Ally Selection is Moderated by Fetal Testosterone Exposure and Empathic Concern

Mariska E. Kret and Carsten K. W. De Dreu

3. Original Research Article

Characterization of the effects of oxytocin on fear recognition in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls

Meytal Fischer-Shofty, Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory and Yechiel Levkovitz

4. Original Research Article

Imaging oxytocin × dopamine interactions: an epistasis effect of CD38 and COMT gene variants influences the impact of oxytocin on amygdala activation to social stimuli

Carina Sauer, Christian Montag, Martin Reuter and Peter Kirsch

References

Fischer-Shofty, M., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., and Levkovitz, Y. (2013). Characterization of the effects of oxytocin on fear recognition in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls. Front. Neurosci . 7: 127. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2013. 00127

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Kret, M. E., and De Dreu, C. K. W. (2013). Oxytocin-motivated ally selection is moderated by fetal testosterone exposure and empathic concern. Front. Neurosci . 7: 1. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2013. 00001

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Kumsta, R., Hummel, E., Chen, F. S., and Heinrichs, M. (2013). Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor gene: implications for behavioral neuroscience. Front. Neurosci . 7: 83. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2013. 00083

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Lopatina, O., Inzhutova, A., Salmina, A. B., and Higashida, H. (2013). The roles of oxytocin and CD38 in social or parental behaviors. Front. Neurosci . 6: 182. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2012. 00182

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

MacDonald, K., and Feifel, D. (2013). Helping oxytocin deliver: considerations in the development of oxytocin-based therapeutics for brain disorders. Front. Neurosci . 7: 35. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2013. 00035

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

MacDonald, K. S. (2013). Sex, receptors, and attachment: a review of individual factors influencing response to oxytocin. Front. Neurosci . 6: 194. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2012. 00194

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Quintana, D. S., Kemp, A. H., Alvares, G. A., and Guastella, A. J. (2013). A role for autonomic cardiac control in the effects of oxytocin on social behavior and psychiatric illness. Front. Neurosci . 7: 48. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2013. 00048

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Sauer, C., Montag, C., Reuter, M., and Kirsch, P. (2013). Imaging oxytocin × dopamine interactions: an epistasis effect of CD38 and COMT gene variants influences the impact of oxytocin on amygdala activation to social stimuli. Front. Neurosci . 7: 45. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2013. 00045

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bhandari, R., van der Veen, R., Grewen, K. M., and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2012). Elevated salivary levels of oxytocin persist more than 7 h after intranasal administration. Front. Neurosci . 6: 174. doi: 10. 3389/fnins. 2012. 00174

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text