A-Grade Essay Samples for Free

Employee motivation argumentative essay

Next, this chapter distinguish between drives and needs wherein Eve learned how needs are shaped through the individual's self-concept and other personal factors. On this topic, needs-goal-directed ores that people experience are shaped by the individual's self-concept , social norms, and past bioscience. And on the last part is about the organizational β†’

How process of control operate on public sector labor relation essay examples

The Wagner Act protected the government employees through the labor relation act, and later it formulated the Railway Labor Act to protect the public employees who worked with the air and railways. The labor relations examine the boundary of employees on a global level; it covers issues that face the employers ranging from the world β†’

Example of how good am i at disciplining others essay

I could also stand to make sure that my tone is serious when dealing with a misbehaving employee, so I make my disapproval clear. Practical Application of Skills Disciplining others has a tremendous amount of value in the workplace. Furthermore, it permits higher quality work to come from a β†’

Total compensation analysis essay sample

The disability compensation which stands at $233 is low due to risks that the employee in the category discussed is likely to encounter. The money paid as pension is good enough to cater for the future well being of the employee. The base pay for the rank is not badly off.

Sexual harassment at work research paper examples

Looking at the problem from a new perspective may lead to better results when communicating and therefore in finding solutions to the problem. Behavioral Objectives Define Sexual Harassment Understand the imbalance in power that can cause the behavior Learn how to identify the behavior Learn how to report an incident β†’

Essay on influence of workforce surveillance on managing people at work

In this paper, surveillance in the workplace is considered as a form of employee monitoring. Allen et al.defined surveillance as the " few watching the man" whereby the employers decided to use surveillance technology to monitor any or all of the employees' messages and physical behaviors. The use of surveillance technology β†’

Free competition and society argumentative essay sample

However, when a person is filled with some sort o jealousy because of what the other person has, the feeling will push them to what to acquire a similar or even better thing. Competition in the work environment has always yielded positive results especially to the consumers. They are responsible for the slow developments since β†’

Employee motivation essay

In this context, it is important to note that essence of motivating employees is to enhance organization's performance. According to Cindy, , he that well suggests that motivated employees are more productive and creative which prove to be more fundamental to employee's management apart from the benefit and moral value of β†’

Research paper on credit suisse: corporate culture and ethical leadership

This is a criminal offence in the United States of America, and consequently after taking the matter to court, the bank was charged with the crime of aiding and abetting evasion of tax payment. Further information indicates that the bank has already pleaded guilty of this charge. Secondly, the bank β†’

Example of coming up with the solutions report

This can also be enhanced in including them in advertisements, which will not only increase their chances for job applications, but also increase the involvement of women in the consumption of fast foods. Hiring manager issues The reason why candidates tend to seek for better benefits organization is because McDonalds is not affording such β†’

Employer-sponsored sales process in healthcare in u.s essay sample

The plan's goal targets establishing a sustainable healthcare benefit plan that is affordable and beneficial to both the employer and the employee (Hughes-Cromwick, Root & Roehrig, 2007). Accreditation is vital in protecting the public from exploitation from profit-based institutions. In contrast, rating regards to a procedure in which the results β†’

Employee diversity assignment

Advantage of Language diversity: In the organization if the employees are speaking different languages, it may bring some benefits to the organization. For example, in the one company if the staffs speak not only one language, when the company need some staff to go overseas to join some meetings or do some β†’

Career development plan summary research paper

As outlined in the paper, the employment process is a crucial precept that requires apt transparency and accountability. Essentially, the organizational pinnacle necessitates an exhaustive investigation and comprehension of the team.

Reflection essay on employee motivation

Front-runner businesses can build a good reputation for high quality, guaranteed satisfaction, and top customer support while shopping and after the sale service. This would challenge the second-movers and make it a little more difficult to compete against the front-runners. This is where one organization purchases another so that the buyer assumes control. Increase the β†’

5 things that an employee shouldn’t share with his or her boss

Treading a fine balance between having a friendly relationship with your boss/manager and also maintaining a professional distance can sometimes be tricky, especially if your boss carries a candid demeanor, expresses interest in honest one-to-one conversations and likes to joke around. However, it is always important to remember that no matter how friendly you β†’

5 hr strategies to promote employee health and safety

Managers should fully utilize all the resources to create and maintainhealthand safety standards for an organization. Below are the 5 strategies that can be implemented to encourage and sustain employee wellness and safety. Establish Open Communication A key component in maintaining the trust of the employees is to encourage opencommunicationon any health or safety β†’

Impact of employee motivation on performance

Corporate performance and revenue growth are challenge by Internal and external operatingenvironmentfactors. To survive in profitable way in the highly challenging and competitive global market economy, all the factor of Employee Retention & Production - machine, materials & men, should be managed in a impressive way Among the factors of production the β†’

Example of leadership styles and job satisfaction research paper

According to scholars, transformational leadership style helps in enhancing the moral values and attitudes of the subordinates. Transactional leadership style There are certain situations in which the transactional style of leadership helps in motivating and attaining job satisfaction. This style of leadership has also been associated to contribute in the aptitude of leaders in β†’

Training completed report sample

Asma, accountant in the sub-section, instructed me on how the Oracle system is functioning with the Payroll transactions. I learned how to process salary transactions to employees, terms and qualifications for each employee, and how the payment process is done. I was trained on how to insert elements from the Payroll system into Oracle Labor β†’

Discrimination in the workplace critical thinking

The discrimination has become a complex human process that disregards conscious motivation to exclude discrimination based on race or sex. Further, the subtle forms of discrimination in workplace have also been due to changes in the employment categories and workplace hierarchy as evidenced by the ongoing reorganization of American workplace. Employees must know who is β†’

Difference between managerial accounting and cost accounting course work

In general terms, Managerial Accounting is all about the methods and ideas that provide accounting information aimed at supporting directly the managerial roles in an organization. On the other hand, cost accounting helps the managers in understanding the costs of running the organization or the business. Inaccurate data also hinders the β†’

Motivation vs employee performance

The literature review was structured in the following form: Introduction, motivation, the early theorists of motivation, and contemporary theorists of motivation. Area of Study 1: Motivation Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. The employee performance management β†’

Example of data classification essay

Identify the sources of data to be use and the data types that need to be used. Once the categories of data have been established, it is therefore easier for the establishment of the technology and the procedure to be used to classify the data. iii.

Issues in industrial psychology article review example

New fields of research and practice will emerge in the field of industrial psychology to gather for the demands of these diverse groups. It will require industrial psychologists to handle issues from an international perspective. Swift changes in the type of work brought about by globalization and the use of information technology has impacted psychologically β†’

Example of essay on prevention of corporate white collar crimes 4

White collar crimes affect the nation's economy and prosperity and also could destroy the careers of individuals who are involved in these crimes. When an organization suffers from frauds, its cost of production rises and in the process it reduces the profit of the organization.

Impact of motivation on employee performance

However, for the existing business too market acceptance of a new product is risky. For the growth direction issue the synergy is searched in the areas of product and market.

Free what type of business should megan form essay example

There is condition of the workmanship and the custom of the business and the aptitude level of the worker. Additionally, secret data and that his or her utilization of them in a new occupation is " inexorable," and, at trial, that the worker really took and utilized business secrets. Work cited Barrell, J.

Utilizing social media as a mode to screen prospective employees

Similarly, Root and McKay explain in " Student Awareness of the Use of Social Media Screening by Prospective Employers" that, " Hiring managers...see if the candidate presents him or herself professionally , to see if the candidate is a good fit for the company culture , to learn more about the β†’

Infographic: how to give constructive feedback to your employees

An highlights the best practices to follow to provide constructive feedback, noting that it's important to understand the issue completely before sitting down for a chat with the team. The infographic urges managers to focus on both the successes and the negatives, and also offer ways of improvement to In addition, make feedback sessions a β†’

Free research paper on homeserve training program assessment

Rewards for the training would be put in place so as to support the learning process. EMPLOYEE READINESS AND CREATING A LEARNING ENVIRONMENT This simply means determining whether the employees have the abilities, attitude, beliefs and necessary motivation required in learning the program and using the knowledge acquired and apply it practically on the β†’

4 ways to make your new employee a raving fan

Most likely, this means that you will need to block out large chunks of time during the first few weeks to spend with your new employee. We recently hired a real estate assistant for a successful broker. Paint a picture for your new employee as to what you want him or her to learn and β†’

Good example of essay on hofstede five dimensions

This essay will attempt to draw a comparison of the cultural differences between the United States and India and discuss the impact of these differences on leadership in the two countries. Power Distance This factor refers to the extent, importance and acceptance of hierarchical relationships in an institution. However, one must also note that most β†’

Data of an employee from the human resources department

The Human Resources Department is the one responsible of holding and filing all the related information about an employee of the company such that the file of the employee's biographical data. Qualities, strengths and weaknesses of the employee is also being included in the biographical data in order for the employee to let the company β†’

The involvement of employees

Unions being the part of the modern organizations often seem to resist the technological changes mainly due to skill obsolete created by technology. The existing research focused on finding the employee relationship in relation to the technological change and how the unions, as institutional mechanism can interfere into such process of change β†’

Being self-employed vs. working for someone else

This will be a great disadvantage because not only is the person not able to be self-employed but they might have been out of the work field for a long time and did not gain much experience in a field that they would go out and try to work in after they figure out that β†’

Analyzing the ethical dilemma case study example

The topic here discusses various aspects of ethical theories as compounded by authors and checking whether the dilemma in concern is actually right in its wont or not. 2) Hypothesis / Analysis Question: " Is it ethical to apply for a new job, while knowing that the present employer will look you up?" 3) Summary: β†’

Term paper on mandatory benefits and compensation for employees

The United States Governments in the past have understood this assertion and have taken steps to enact employment laws that protect the interests of the workers. These laws cover aspects regarding rights of the employees as well as the obligation of the employees to the employer to bring a harmonious employer-employee relation. This paper looks β†’

Torres v reardon case study

On the other hand if Torres had been engaged as an independent contractor by the employer to trim the trees, the employer would be held liable under the doctrine of " peculiar risk" for any injuries that might be sustained to " others" resulting from the negligent act of the employee. The third criterion that β†’

The importance of proper it office workspace design

These differences can depend on the activity, the way a person prefers to work, and their personality. One of the most commonly ways of defining and assessing personality used in the UK, and particularly in the workplace, is the five-factor model or the ' Big-Five'. In this type of the office, employees are β†’

Good example of political science research paper

The accumulated unused sick leave which goes beyond 24 hours if unused, will be carried over as part of the sick leave from year to year. The law only allows that employees to use their accrued sick days from the start of their 90th day of employment. It is beneficial for some of the employees β†’

Example of the rate of unemployment essay

The natural rate of unemployment can be defined as the rate of unemployment prevailing when the aggregate labor supply is in balance with the demand for labor in the market. In such a situation the person would find it impractical to apply for the position because of a huge geographical distance between the employee β†’

Assessing a underachieving employee essay

The criterions that were one time at that place will get down to drop ensuing in a negative impact on the concern. A solution to the jobs that occurred The first thing I would make would be to put up a record of meetings with this work co-worker and our director. I believe this β†’

Motivation in economic downturn for surviving employees

Open-book management, a strategy that is designed to help facilitate the communication process, is widely adopted by many recognizable corporations such as the HSBC Group and Cathay Pacific during downsizing. Through disclosure of the detailed business and financial information, the practice provides employees with insights into the company's situation and hence the β†’

Freedom writers institute

Now that you have finished viewing the film, you will do the following: You are going to compose a thoughtful reflection paper. Include the ideas and thoughts you plan to include in your paper.

Bill ford speech: a future beyond traffic gridlock critical thinking examples

He commented that though the industry is pushing hard to reduce emissions, even zero emission cars still make traffic jams that as a consequence can seriously limit our important freedom of mobility. Hence, according to Bill Ford, we need a major " leap in thinking for us to create a β†’

Good limitations placed on freedom after 9/11 essay example

All these restrictions on the freedom of movement and speech lead to limitation of freedom of the individuals targeted while increasing the freedom of the government. Insertion of fear limits the liberty of the citizens. A comparison of the surrounding circumstances of the limitations of the freedom of citizens to those which happened in the β†’

Loss of freedom through apathy

It is the American vote and in this Presidential election it is a right 250 million chose to ignore. It startled and in a way disheartened me, the way many of the people I polled seemed totally apathetic to the political world around us. To me, spending a minute answering questions about the future of β†’

Free analytical summary of the journal essay sample

Indonesia Australia Relations in the Era of Democracy: The View from the Indonesian Side by Priyambudi Sulistiyanto Summary In this journal, Sulistiyanto discusses how the relationship between Indonesia and Australia has changed since the implementation of a new democracy and domestic politics.. Sulistiyanto asks if there is more β†’

The phrase “freedom of speech”

However, the idea of a young adult relaying a message of their own devising threatens the ideas of other individuals in a growing populace. These instances encourage them to learn that their words need to be monitored and carefully selected within any community. The right to free-speech comes with extensive responsibilities, and failing to meet β†’

Example of critical thinking on challenge to civil liberties

The autocratic attitude of the Indian rulers exposed their subjects to suffering in the absence of civil liberties. In America, during the time of crisis and war, the policy makers react fearfully to the predicted threat by putting in place measures that limit civil liberties.

Economic freedom essay

In his book " Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" he introduces the term " system of natural liberty", which is equivalent to the current definition of capitalism. Pure capitalism in the nineteenth century led to mass exploitation of the working class by the rich and to further widening of β†’

Free essay on bill of rights

In the United States of America, the Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments of the constitution. This amendment protects the freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom of press, as well as the right to assemble and petition the government. The freedom of speech is a providence of one's right β†’

Essay on new woman of the 1920s

As a result of the new freedom found, women started to produce magazines and movies that analyzed the marriage, work and sexuality of women in a bid of sensitizing women on their new found freedom. The advertisement made in the magazines and movie encouraged women to enjoy their freedom, the role of women in the β†’

Essay on freedom of the press

CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE Teodoro, et al on the book Freedom Of Expression And The Media In The Philippines Chapter I: History of Freedom of the Press demonstrated how the commitment to free speech and expression, the right to information and press freedom, with which the leaders of both β†’

Free essay on free speech on internet

If we believe that individual ideas trigger the progress of our civilization, then the freedom of speech, discussions of different sorts and expression of new ideas is the key to that progress (" Free Speech and the Internet"). The freedom of speech over the internet is much supported by the people who have more interaction β†’

Perspectives on free-speech zones on college campuses research paper examples

Evaluate which person made the stronger argument. Greg Lukianoff argued that a policy on free-speech zones is a curtailment of an individual's or group's freedom of expression given the fact that " only a tiny portion of the campus" is allowed for use during protests/rallies. The reason for my choice is that liberty does not β†’

Anti defamation league essay examples

This has been dully done to ensure that hate is combated around the world in order to promote peaceful coexistence among various groups of people around the world (Schreiber, Schiff and Klenicki, 2003). Stereotypes are qualities that assigned to particular people basing on their race, sexual orientation and nationality among others. This is usually based β†’

Recruitment research paper examples

In certain rebel and militant groups, girl soldiers are recruited for the sole purpose of providing sexual services to the soldiers. Conclusion The use of child soldiers in warfare has resulted to deaths of children reaching millions. Print. Tiefenbrun, Susan." Child Soldiers, Slavery and the Trafficking of Children".

Free their eyes were watching god by zora neale hurston argumentative essay sample

In the novel, Their Eyes were Watching God, by Zara, the character Janie is in the journey to achieve freedom from male domination, true love and self-independence in a world of racism and female subordination. The two pieces of literature align the themes of freedom/ liberty that are extensively covered and β†’

Free critical thinking on behaviorism

They also argue that if free will exists, there should be a distinction of a free-willed person and that person who is not. Determinists also support these arguments by arguing that all actions are caused by forces that are beyond the control of a person. It is upon the realization that choices have consequences that β†’

Freedom is being accepted

This is shown by the people in town mocking the Duvitches for who they are, and also by Tom and Andy poisoning the Duvitches fish they caught. The Duvitches do not feel accepted until the dinner at the Duvitches that changes their perspective on how they are. In this statement the Duvitch kids do not β†’

A journey from slavery to freedom in “narrative of the life” by frederick douglass

In factual detail, the text describes the events of his life and is considered to be one of the most influential pieces of literature to fuel the abolitionist movement of the early 19th century in the United States. In Frederick Douglass's " Narrative of the Life" he maps out his entire journey from slavery to β†’

Article review on david hume

English The focus of this week's readings will deal with the standpoint of Hume in differentiating civil liberty in both the republican government and monarchies. This can be illustrated on the basis of his personal observation that in order to achieve liberty in politics, the government should be free and to improve for β†’

Free james baldwin’s view of personal liberation with jamaica kincaid’s term paper example

However, James Baldwin views on the subjects of personal liberation from the chains of social injustice are slightly scattered, regularly peripheral, and often contradictory. Through synthesizing and abstracting James Baldwin's views on liberation through identity, it is possible to identify how he addresses the subsection of personal liberation, especially the black individuals. The achievement of β†’

Boyz in the hood and black freedom fighters

In order for African-Americans to face their struggles of poor working conditions, poor pay, and lack of job opportunities, they had to connect with the majority. George Kimbley knew that in order to be in the union and make somewhat of a difference, you would have to get people to trust you. β†’

Pedagogy of the oppressed essay sample

It also enables the individual not to seek ways of adapting to these conditions but to develop ways of reforming the environment to suit them and conform to the demands of history. However, Freire believed that good leadership must be upheld if liberation of the oppressed is to become a reality.

Example of birds in the awakening term paper

The parrot has literal confinement in a metal cage, but it also refers to the metaphorical confinement that is a part of the life of Edna Pontellier, trapped in place by the expectations of society. In spite of all of the luxuries that her husband places at her disposal, and β†’

Of media and press freedom

Even with moves to censor and even discredit Moore and his claims in this documentary, the Bush administration had to let the movie be shown as completely hiding Fahrenheit 9/11 from the public will be a cause for questioning the government's commitment tofreedom of speech, which is clearly stated in the First Amendment of the β†’

Example of paper option 2 research paper

They were also aware that slaves in the north were freed and even though they were fed the propaganda that the slaves in the north were destitute, they reasoned that nothing can be worse than what they are experiencing. There were times when the slaves were given workloads for the day, and if they finished β†’

Example of liberty universitys mission essay

I come from a family of believers, and I have been trained to always have a reflection of my life and adhere to moral issues. I have always had a positive perception of life and morality. My perspective of life is to always do good to all people and serve β†’

Reconstruction in the south essay

Arguably, after the civil war in America, the entire nation, especially the south faced a difficult era in rebuilding its economy, dealing with freed African American slaves, as well as rebuilding of the government. Undeniably, sharecropping had some differences and similarities to slavery. After reconstruction, the agricultural labor system in the south also transformed.

Example of war against racism essay

Standing on our belief by Joyce ladner is the portrayal of the thirst for freedom from racism, advocacy for better wages and other rights for the black Negros in the 1960s. The August Washington march was a culmination of suppressed mass protests and civil rights demonstrations that had seen protestors brutally beaten, chased by β†’

A freedom trail in boston

Boston is the largest city of the Common wealth of Massachusetts and belongs to one of the oldest cities of United State of America. Several events and battles such as Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, The Battle of the Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege β†’

Essay on ethnic roots of american civilization

This ethnic diversity has strengthened the society of United States and contributed in the development of the nation. Several people opposed the British atrocities and were killed In Boston massacre. The constitution makers and visionary leaders like Abraham Lincoln understood the importance of ethnic diversity in American society and provided several conveniences along with the β†’

Theme of gaining freedom as a woman in the chrysanthemums and the story of an hour

The main character and protagonist in " The Chrysanthemums" is Elisa, while that of ' The Story of an Hour" is Mrs. The reader easily experiences the happiness she feels, with the repetition of the word, free." She said it over and over her breath: ' free, free, free!" At the very end of the β†’

Freedom and justice for all

It is more than just a union and much more than just a status; it is about being with the one you love most and sharing everything for the rest of your life. Therefore they claim gay marriage is a sin based on the beliefs of proper marriage being between that of a man and β†’

The new ideology of manifest destiny and freedom

Gregory Stephenson explains it thusly, " The poet, for a visionary instant, transcends the realm of the actual into the realm of the ideal, and then, unable to sustain the vision, returns to the realm of the actual. The word of that era was conformity. The houses were all built to a certain β†’

Good essay on leopoldo lopez freedom

In essence, he should be detained at the expense of the country's peace. In the modern day, cases where governments use their power to suppress the political ambitions of its citizens have been reported. Considering that Leopoldo Lopez stood up to defend his fellow citizens from the ill economy and destructive government, he deserves his β†’

Good example of the 1800 presidential election events and consequences essay

It was the second election where the heroic general and hero of Independence, George Washington was absent and it pitted two parties against each other, the Whigs and the Federalists with the latter changing to the Democratic-Republican Party and which is the foundation of the Democratic Party that we know today. Events leading up to β†’

Example of essay on american liberalism

Going by for instance the United States legal systems, the constitution fully respect and uphold the concept of individualism, democracy and human rights. The framers of the United States constitution knew very well that the change in this country was majorly anchored in democracy. According the constitution, the due process is a system of legal β†’

Economic freedom free health care term paper examples

This is why economic freedom is being used all over the world today. Free health care The demand side of the health care is the patients who demand medical attention while the supply side is the health care centers like hospitals and pharmacies. It is rare to have a surplus supply of health care β†’

Example of essay on slave

The power also got limited by the fact that their masters were still in charge of the whole election process, and they can change the figures to their favor. The slaves also had the chance to exercise power of expression where they made this effective through the mass movements. The slaves used their freedom of β†’

Capitalism and freedom book review

His thoughts laid the groundwork for the emerging modern conservative movement, which was an evolution of the 19th century beliefs surrounding liberalism. Friedman's major themes of his most famous work consist of the roles of competitive capitalism, as well as the role that government should play in a society " dedicated to β†’

Freedom of expression essay sample

Emphasis is laid on the phenomenon of media freedom, the use of celebrity images, plagiarism, censorship of sex and violence and etc. Freedom of expression The phenomenon of freedom of speech is considered as an important phenomenon of communication and it is the freedom to speak freely which is without censorship or β†’

Essay on rocurring themes and literary interpretation of floating

Apparently, it might sound as a case of miscarriage but from the final scene hints to some sort of guilt ridden on the husband's mind as well, indicating to the fact that it might be a case of forced abortion or of miscarriage due to negligence as well" The narrator is not satisfied with the β†’

Example of freedom from evil essay

The aim of this paper is to explore the concept of evil in great detail and show that it is virtually impossible for the world to be ever free from evil. The world that we currently live is no short of evil. Beyond good and evil: Prelude to a philosophy β†’

Censorship in music today-both sides of the argument essay sample

It is sometimes difficult to understand when a child gets punished for using foul language meanwhile the child's parents have the right to criticize and petition the government whenever they feel the need to do so. They feel that they are being held down. Due to the amendment made by our founding fathers, it β†’

Good example of new experience essay

Summertime is when the sun is hottest and the weather is similar to that back home in Saudi Arabia. Swimming is a culture that most people are fond of in this area of the world. What is especially unique is the freedom in the kind of swimwear people, especially women, adorn while swimming.

Example of argumentative essay on the story of an hour

Louis belonged to upper class and enjoyed a huge amount of freedom but she was always in quest of more freedom and when she heard that her husband is died her quest of freedom was satisfied. Louis feels a mental as well emotional freedom after hearing about her husband's death. Kate has portrayed the story β†’

Exercises essay examples

Degrees of Freedom: the greater the number of joints involved in a movement/exercise the more difficult it is to execute safely and correctly.a. 2 points. An example of a one degree of freedom movement is the biceps exercise while a movement with many degrees of freedom is the walking lunges.3.

Article review on kant’s “what is enlightenment”

ANSWER: " Sapere aude!" is important for Kant's own historical context because it was used during his time as an exploration of his theories of reason in the public sphere. If Kant is a determinist, he would have just relinquish his theory of enlightenment such that people ought to learn to think for themselves. - Is β†’

Literary criticism essay example

- Feminist Criticism of Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemmingway The Short story presents to the reader a desperate wife immersed in the world of boredom, and her husband does nothing to improve the situation. The movement of the cat from under the table is symbolic of the movement of the woman from β†’

Corruption in media essays example

Relying on the press and obtaining inaccurate information leads to a majority of the public voting for the wrong candidate for the right reasons. The Supreme Court has for a long time striven to apply for guarantee of equal protection of the laws (which was considered but left out by Jefferson) (Barbara, Shelley, and Schmidt, β†’