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Essay, 32 pages (8000 words)

Economic survey comparison of pakistan, australia and kenya

HAILEY COLLEGE OF BANKING AND FINANCE PRESENTED BY: Tajammal Hussain Ahmar M06BBA051 M. Umair Hassan M06BBA035 DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS PRESENTED TO: Sir. Abid Hussain Ch. COMPARISON OF DEVELOPED, DEVELOPING & UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMIES PURPOSE OF ASSIGNMENT The purpose of our assignment is to choose the 3 countries (developed, developing and under-developed) and make the comparative analysis on the basis of political, economic, social, technological analysis.

For Assignment purpose we have selected: * Australia as developed country * Pakistan as developing country * Kenya as developing country AUSTRALIA BACKGROUND Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40, 000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of

Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECD’s fastest growing economies during the 1990s, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s.

Long-term concerns include climate-change issues such as the depletion of the ozone layer and more frequent droughts, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef. GENERAL Geography: Australia Location: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean Geographic coordinates: 27° S, 133° E Map references: Oceania Area: 7, 741, 220 sq km Country comparison to the world w. r. t area: 6th * Land area: 7, 682, 300 sq km * Water area: 58, 920 sq km (Note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island)

Area – comparative: slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 25, 760 km Maritime claims: * Territorial sea: 12 nm * Contiguous zone: 24 nm * Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm * Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Climate: * Current Weather: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north * Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, inc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum (Note: Australia is the world’s largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports) Land use: * Arable land: 6. 15% (includes about 27 million hectares of cultivated grassland) * Permanent crops: 0. 04% * Other: 93. 81% (2005) * Irrigated land: 25, 450 sq km (2003) Total renewable water resources: 398 cu km (1995) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): * Total: 24. 06 cu km/yr (15%/10%/75%) * Per capita: 1, 193 cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires Environment – current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources Environment – international agreements: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling Geography – note: world’s smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the “ Fremantle Doctor” affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world. GOVERNMENT Government type: federal parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm Capital: Canberra Time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April (Note: Australia is divided into three time zones)

Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories; Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Macquarie Island, Norfolk Island Independence: 1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies) National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorated as the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915) Constitution: 9 July 1900; effective on 1 January 1901

Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations Executive branch: chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Quentin BRYCE (since 5 September 2008) Head of government: Prime Minister Kevin RUDD (since 3 December 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Julia GILLARD (since 3 December 2007) Cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament, candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general to serve as government ministers Elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the six states and 2 from each of the two mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected every three years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members elected by popular preferential vote to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than 5 representatives) Elections: Senate – last held on 24 November 2007 (next to e held no later than 2010); House of Representatives – last held on 24 November 2007 (next to be called no later than 2010) Judicial branch: High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general) International organization participation: ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia’s internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars PEOPLE OF AUSTRALIA Population (July 2010 est. ): 21, 515, 754 Country comparison to the world w. r. t. population: 54th Population growth rate (2010 est. ): 1. 171% Country comparison to the world w. r. t. population growth rate: 108th Age structure: (2010 est. ) AGE GROUP| %AGE OF POPULATION| MALES| FEMALES| 0-14 years| 18. 4%| 2, 033, 106| 1, 929, 863| 15-64 years| 67. 8%| 7, 397, 562| 7, 197, 829| 65 years and over| 13. 7%| 1, 350, 248| 1, 607, 146| Birth rate: 12. 39 births/1, 000 population (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 162nd Death rate: 6. 81 deaths/1, 000 population (July 2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 146th

Net migration rate: 6. 13 migrant(s)/1, 000 population (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 11th Urbanization: * Urban population: 89% of total population (2008) * Rate of urbanization: 1. 2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est. ) Sex ratio: * At birth: 1. 055 male(s)/female * Under 15 years: 1. 05 male(s)/female * 15-64 years: 1. 03 male(s)/female * 65 years and over: 0. 84 male(s)/female Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2010 est. ) Infant mortality rate: Total: 4. 67 deaths/1, 000 live births * Male: 5 deaths/1, 000 live births * Female: 4. 33 deaths/1, 000 live births (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 195th Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 81. 72 years * Male: 79. 33 years * Female: 84. 25 years (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 8th Total fertility rate: 1. 78 children born/woman (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 156th Ethnic groups: white 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1% Religions: Catholic 25. 8%, Anglican 18. 7%, Uniting Church 5. 7%, Presbyterian and Reformed 3%, Eastern Orthodox 2. 7%, other Christian 7. 9%, Buddhist 2. 1%, Muslim 1. 7%, other 2. 4%, unspecified 11. 3%, none 18. 7% (2006 Census) Languages: English 78. 5%, Chinese 2. 5%, Italian 1. 6%, Greek 1. 3%, Arabic 1. 2%, Vietnamese 1%, other 8. 2%, unspecified 5. 7% (2006 Census)

EDUCATION Literacy: Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 99% * Male: 99% * Female: 99% (2003 est. ) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): Total: 20 years * Male: 20 years * Female: 21 years (2006) Education expenditures: 4. 5% of GDP (2005) Country comparison to the world: 85th ECONOMICAL INDICATORS GDP (purchasing power parity): $824. 3 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 19 $816. 2 billion (2008 est. ) $798. 6 billion (2007 est. ) GDP – real growth rate: 1% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 96 2. 2% (2008 est. ) 4. 8% (2007 est. ) GDP – per capita (PPP): $38, 800 (2009 est. )

Country comparison to the world: 23 $38, 900 (2008 est. ) $38, 500 (2007 est. ) GDP – composition by sector: Agriculture: 3. 8% Industry: 24. 9% Services: 71. 3% (2009 est. ) Labor force: 11. 44 million (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 44 Labor force – by occupation: * Agriculture: 3. 6% * Industry: 21. 1% * Services: 75% (2009 est. ) Unemployment rate: 5. 7% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 52 4. 2% (2008 est. ) Population below poverty line: NA% Investment (gross fixed): 27. 3% of GDP (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 33 Budget: * revenues: $323. 6 billion * expenditures: $358. 4 billion (2009 est. ) Public debt: 18. % of GDP (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 106 14. 7% of GDP (2008 est. ) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1. 9% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 62 4. 4% (2008 est. ) Central bank discount rate: 3. 75% (31 March 2010) Country comparison to the world: 110 4. 25% (3 December 2008) (Note: this is the Reserve Bank of Australia’s “ cash rate target,” or policy rate) Agriculture – products: wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel Industrial production growth rate: -5. 8% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 112

Electricity – production: 239. 9 billion kWh (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 17 Electricity – consumption: 222 billion kWh (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 16 Oil – production: 586, 400 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 31 Oil – consumption: 953, 700 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 20 Oil – exports: 332, 400 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 36 Oil – imports: 687, 200 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 18 Current account balance: $-33. 31 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 184 $-44. 04 billion (2008 est. ) Exports: $161. 5 billion (2009 est. )

Country comparison to the world: 23 $189. 9 billion (2008 est. ) Imports: $160. 9 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 21 $194. 2 billion (2008 est. ) Exports – commodities: coal, iron ore, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment Exports – partners: Japan 22. 2%, China 14. 6%, South Korea 8. 2%, India 6. 1%, US 5. 5%, NZ 4. 3%, UK 4. 2% (2008) Imports – commodities: machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products Imports – partners: China 15. 4%, US 12. 1%, Japan 9. 1%, Singapore 7%, Germany 5. 1%, Thailand 4. %, UK 4. 4%, Malaysia 4. 1% (2008) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $44. 98 billion (31 December 2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 23 $32. 92 billion (31 December 2008 est. ) Debt – external: $920 billion (31 December 2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 11 $799. 8 billion (31 December 2008) Exchange rates: Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar * 1. 2894 (2009) * 1. 2059 (2008) * 1. 2137 (2007) * 1. 3285 (2006) * 1. 3095 (2005) COMMUNICATIONS Telephones – main lines in use: 9. 37 million (2008) Country comparison to the world: 24 Telephones – mobile cellular: 22. 12 million (2008) Country comparison to the world: 36

Television broadcast stations: 104 (1997) Internet hosts: 11. 756 million (2009) Country comparison to the world: 10 Internet users: 15. 17 million (2008) Country comparison to the world: 24 TRANSPORTATION Airports: 464 (2009) Country comparison to the world: 17 Pipelines: * gas 27, 105 km * liquid petroleum gas 240 km * oil 3, 258 km * oil/gas/water 1 km (2009) Railways total: 37, 855 km Country comparison to the world: 7 Roadways: total: 812, 972 km Country comparison to the world: 9 * Paved: 341, 448 km * Unpaved: 471, 524 km (2004) Ports and terminals: Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney MILITARY

Military branches: Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special Operations Command (2006) Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; women allowed to serve in Army combat units in non-combat support roles (2008) Manpower available for military service: * Males age 16-49: 5, 275, 667 * Females age 16-49: 5, 082, 543 (2010 est. ) Manpower fit for military service: * Males age 16-49: 4, 377, 411 * Females age 16-49: 4, 210, 442 (2010 est. ) Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: * Male: 144, 232 * Female: 136, 525 (2010 est. ) Military expenditures: 3% of GDP (2009) Country comparison to the world: 43 KENYA BACKGROUND

Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence in 1963 until his death in 1978, when President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but were viewed as having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. President MOI stepped down in December 2002 following fair and peaceful elections.

Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic, united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), defeated KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following a campaign centered on an anticorruption platform. KIBAKI’s NARC coalition splintered in 2005 over the constitutional review process. Government defectors joined with KANU to form a new opposition coalition, the Orange Democratic Movement, which defeated the government’s draft constitution in a popular referendum in November 2005. KIBAKI’s reelection in December 2007 brought charges of vote rigging from ODM candidate Raila ODINGA and unleashed two months of violence in which as many as 1, 500 people died.

UN-sponsored talks in late February produced a powersharing accord bringing ODINGA into the government in the restored position of prime minister. GENERAL Geography: Kenya Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 1 °N, 38° E Map references: Africa Area: 580, 367 sq km Country comparison to the world: 48 * Land: 569, 140 sq km * Water: 11, 227 sq km Area – comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada Land boundaries: 3, 477 km Border countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km Coastline: 536 km Maritime claims: * Territorial sea: 12 nm * Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation Climate: Current Weather varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west Natural resources: limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower Land use: * Arable land: 8. 01% * Permanent crops: 0. 97% * Other: 91. 02% (2005) Irrigated land: 1, 030 sq km (2003) Total renewable water resources: 30. 2 cu km (1990) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): * Total: 1. 58 cu km/yr (30%/6%/64%) * Per capita: 46 cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards: recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons Environment – current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching Environment – international agreements: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling Geography – note: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa’s second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value GOVERNMENT Government type: republic Capital name: Nairobi Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western Independence: 12 December 1963 (from the UK) National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

Constitution: 12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2008; note – the 2008 amendments established the coalition government and the position of prime minister Legal system: based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991 Executive branch: chief of state: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002); Vice President Stephen Kalonzo MUSYOKA (since 10 January 2008); Head of government: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002); Vice President Stephen Kalonzo MUSYOKA (since 10 January 2008); note – the roles of the president and prime minister are not well defined at this juncture; constitutionally, the president remains chief of state and head of government, but the prime minister is charged with coordinating government business Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and headed by the prime minister, who is the leader of the largest party in parliament Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya’s seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff; election last held on 27 December 2007 (next to be held in December 2012); vice president appointed by the president Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Bunge usually referred to as Parliament (224 seats; 210 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 nominated members appointed by the president but selected by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals, 2 ex-officio members)

Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); High Court International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior’s shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom PEOPLE OF KENYA Population: 40, 046, 566 Country comparison to the world: 33 (note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2010 est. )) Population growth rate: 2. 588% (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 27

Age structure: * 0-14 years: 42. 3% (male 8, 523, 439/female 8, 400, 101) * 15-64 years: 55. 1% (male 11, 076, 919/female 10, 979, 250) * 65 years and over: 2. 7% (male 483, 358/female 583, 499) (2010 est. ) Birth rate: 35. 14 births/1, 000 population (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 33 Death rate: 9. 26 deaths/1, 000 population (July 2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 72 Urbanization: * Urban population: 22% of total population (2008) * Rate of urbanization: 4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est. ) Sex ratio: * At birth: 1. 02 male(s)/female * Under 15 years: 1. 01 male(s)/female * 15-64 years: 1. 01 male(s)/female * 65 years and over: 0. 3 male(s)/female Total population: 1. 01 male(s)/female (2010 est. ) Infant mortality rate: Total: 53. 49 deaths/1, 000 live births * Male: 56. 28 deaths/1, 000 live births * Female: 50. 63 deaths/1, 000 live births (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 45 Life expectancy at birth: Total population: 58. 82 years * Male: 58. 33 years * Female: 59. 32 years (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 190 Total fertility rate: 4. 38 children born/woman (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 36 Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%

Religions: Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, Muslim 10%, indigenous beliefs 10%, other 2% (Note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous beliefs vary widely) Languages: English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages EDUCATION Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 85. 1% * Male: 90. 6% * Female: 79. 7% (2003 est. ) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): Total: 10 years * Male: 10 years * Female: 9 years (2004) Education expenditures: 6. 9% of GDP (2006) Country comparison to the world: 27 ECONOMY GDP (purchasing power parity): $63. 73 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 83 $62. 48 billion (2008 est. ) $61. 44 billion (2007 est. )

GDP – real growth rate: 2% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 81 1. 7% (2008 est. ) 7. 1% (2007 est. ) GDP – per capita (PPP): $1, 600 (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 194 $1, 600 (2008 est. ) $1, 700 (2007 est. ) GDP – composition by sector: * Agriculture: 21. 4% * Industry: 16. 3% * Services: 62. 3% (2009 est. ) Labor force: 17. 47 million (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 34 Labor force – by occupation: * Agriculture: 75% * Industry and services: 25% (2007 est. ) Unemployment rate: 40% (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 186 40% (2001 est. ) Population below poverty line: 50% (2000 est. ) Investment (gross fixed): 21. % of GDP (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 68 Budget: * Revenues: $6. 858 billion * Expenditures: $8. 759 billion (2009 est. ) Public debt: 54. 1% of GDP (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 40 60. 1% of GDP (2008 est. ) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20. 5% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 219 26. 2% (2008 est. ) Stock of money: $6. 068 billion (31 december 2008) Country comparison to the world: 58 $5. 912 billion (31 december 2007) Market value of publicly traded shares: $10. 92 billion (31 december 2008) Country comparison to the world: 69 $13. 39 billion (31 december 2007) $11. 38 billion (31 december 2006)

Agriculture – products: tea, coffee, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables; dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminum, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism Industrial production growth rate: 2% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 55 Electricity – production: 5. 223 billion kWh (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 113 Electricity – consumption: 4. 863 billion kWh (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 107 Oil – production: 0 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 170 Oil – consumption: 75, 000 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 87 Oil – exports: 7, 270 bbl/day (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 99

Oil – imports: 80, 530 bbl/day (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 73 Exports: $4. 479 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 105 $5. 04 billion (2008 est. ) Imports: $9. 031 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 90 $10. 69 billion (2008 est. ) Exports – commodities: tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, cement Exports – partners: UK 10. 2%, Netherlands 9. 4%, Uganda 9. 1%, Tanzania 8. 9%, US 6. 4%, Pakistan 5. 7% (2008) Imports – commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics Imports – partners: UAE 11. 9%, India 11. 8%, China 10. %, Saudi Arabia 8. 3%, South Africa 5. 9%, Japan 5. 3%, US 4% (2008) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $2. 601 billion (31 December 2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 86 $2. 879 billion (31 December 2008 est. ) Debt – external: $7. 729 billion (31 December 2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 87 $7. 855 billion (31 December 2008 est. ) Exchange rates: Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar * 78. 042 (2009) * 68. 358 (2008) * 68. 309 (2007) * 72. 101 (2006) * 75. 554 (2005) COMMUNICATIONS Telephones – main lines in use: 243, 700 (2008) Country comparison to the world: 119 Telephones – mobile cellular: 16. 304 million (2008)

Country comparison to the world: 41 Television broadcast stations: 8 (2008) Internet hosts: 32, 913 (2009) Country comparison to the world: 90 Internet users: 3. 36 million (2008) Country comparison to the world: 56 TRANSPORTATION Airports: 181 (2009) Country comparison to the world: 33 Roadways: 63, 574 km (interurban roads) * Paved: 9, 273 km * Unpaved: 54, 301 km Country comparison to the world: 70 (Note: there also are 114, 226 km of unclassified roads, 2, 000 km paved, and 112, 226 unpaved, for a national total of 177, 800 km (2008)) Waterways: part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya (2007) Ports and terminals: Mombasa MILITARY

Military branches Kenya Armed Forces: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Kenya Air Force (2010) Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age (est. ) for voluntary service, with a 9-year obligation (2007) Manpower available for military service: * Males age 16-49: 9, 525, 556 * Females age 16-49: 9, 242, 381 (2010 est. ) Manpower fit for military service: * Males age 16-49: 6, 162, 904 * Females age 16-49: 5, 904, 173 (2010 est. ) Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: * Male: 417, 061 * Female: 412, 438 (2010 est. ) Military expenditures: 2. 8% of GDP (2006) Country comparison to the world: 51 PAKISTAN BACKGROUND The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5, 000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan.

During the second millennium B. C. , remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars – in 1947-48 and 1965 – over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these ountries in 1971 – in which India capitalized on Islamabad’s marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics – resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions and confidence-building measures have helped the two countries begin to work through their issues. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan.

India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track. GEOGRAPHY Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north Geographic coordinates: 30 ° N, 70 ° E Map references: Asia Area: 796, 095 sq km Country comparison to the world: 36 * Land: 770, 875 sq km * Water: 25, 220 sq km Area – comparative: slightly less than twice the size of California Land boundaries: 6, 774 km Border countries: Afghanistan 2, 430 km, China 523 km, India 2, 912 km, Iran 909 km Coastline: 1, 046 km Maritime claims: * Territorial sea: 12 nm * Contiguous zone: 24 nm * Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Climate: Current Weather mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone Land use: * Arable land: 24. 44% * Permanent crops: 0. 84% * Other: 74. 72% (2005) Irrigated land: 182, 300 sq km (2003) Total renewable water resources: 233. 8 cu km (2003) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): 169. 39 cu km/yr (2%/2%/96%) Per capita: 1, 072 cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) Environment – current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification Environment – international agreements: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands (Note: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent) GOVERNMENT Country name: * Conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan * Conventional short form: Pakistan * Local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan * Local short form: Pakistan * Former: West Pakistan Government type: federal republic Capital name: Islamabad Time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory, and 1 capital erritory; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Islamabad Capital Territory, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province), Punjab, Sindh (Note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of two administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) Independence: 14 August 1947 (from British India) National holiday: Republic Day, 23 March (1956) Constitution: 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December 2007; amended 19 April 2010 Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan’s status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations Executive branch:

Chief of state: President Asif Ali ZARDARI (since 9 September 2008) Head of government: Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza GILANI (since 25 March 2008) Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister Elections: the president elected by secret ballot through an Electoral College comprising the members of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies for a five-year term; election last held on 6 September 2008 (next to be held not later than 2013); note – any person who is a Muslim and not less than 45 years of age and is qualified to be elected as a member of the National Assembly can contest the presidential election; the prime minister selected by the National Assembly; election last held on 24 March 2008 Legislative branch: bicameral parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies and the territories’ representatives in the National Assembly to serve six-year terms; one half are elected every three years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members elected by popular vote; 60 seats reserved for women; 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; members serve five-year terms) Judicial branch: Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Sharia Court International organization participation: ADB, ARF, C, CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Flag description: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam PEOPLE OF PAKISTAN People: Pakistan

Population: 177, 276, 594 (July 2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 6 Population growth rate: 1. 513% (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 81 Age structure: * 0-14 years: 36% (male 32, 907, 906/female 30, 950, 226) * 15-64 years: 59. 8% (male 55, 153, 071/female 50, 807, 705) * 65 years and over: 4. 2% (male 3, 563, 117/female 3, 894, 569) (2010 est. ) Birth rate: 25. 09 births/1, 000 population (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 64 Death rate: 7. 06 deaths/1, 000 population (July 2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 131 Urbanization: * Urban population: 36% of total population (2008) * Rate of urbanization: 3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est. )

Sex ratio: * At birth: 1. 05 male(s)/female * Under 15 years: 1. 06 male(s)/female * 15-64 years: 1. 09 male(s)/female * 65 years and over: 0. 92 male(s)/female Total population: 1. 07 male(s)/female (2010 est. ) Infant mortality rate: 65. 34 deaths/1, 000 live births * Male: 68. 61 deaths/1, 000 live births * Female: 61. 9 deaths/1, 000 live births (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 27 Life expectancy at birth: 65. 62 years * Male: 63. 84 years * Female: 67. 49 years (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 165 Total fertility rate: 3. 28 children born/woman (2010 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 56 Ethnic groups: Punjabi 44. 8%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15. 42%, Sindhi 14. 1%, Sariaki 8. 38%, Muhajirs 7. 57%, Balochi 3. 57%, other 6. 28% Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% EDUCATION Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 49. 9% * Male: 63% * Female: 36% (2005 est. ) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): 7 years * Male: 7 years * Female: 6 years (2006)

Education expenditures: 2. 6% of GDP (2006) Country comparison to the world: 155 ECONOMY GDP (purchasing power parity): $449. 3 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 28 $437. 5 billion (2008 est. ) $421. 9 billion (2007 est. ) GDP – real growth rate: 2. 7% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 67 3. 7% (2008 est. ) 6% (2007 est. ) GDP – per capita (PPP): $2, 600 (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 171 $2, 500 (2008 est. ) $2, 500 (2007 est. ) GDP – composition by sector: * Agriculture: 20. 8% * Industry: 24. 3% * Services: 54. 9% (2009 est. ) Labor force: 55. 88 million Country comparison to the world: 10 Labor force – by occupation: Agriculture: 43% * Industry: 20. 3% * Services: 36. 6% (2005 est. ) Unemployment rate: 15. 2% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 152 13. 6% (2008 est. ) Population below poverty line: 24% (FY05/06 est. ) Investment (gross fixed): 18. 1% of GDP (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 120 Budget: * Revenues: $23. 21 billion * Expenditures: $30. 05 billion (2009 est. ) Public debt: 45. 3% of GDP (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 58 51. 2% of GDP (2008 est. ) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14. 2% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 211 20. 3% (2008 est. ) Central bank discount rate: 15% (31 december 2008)

Country comparison to the world: 44 10% (31 december 2007) Market value of publicly traded shares: $23. 49 billion (31 december 2008) Country comparison to the world: 53 $70. 26 billion (31 december 2007) $45. 52 billion (31 december 2006) Agriculture – products: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs Industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp Industrial production growth rate: -3. 6% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 101 Electricity – production: 90. 8 billion kWh (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 33 Electricity – consumption: 72. billion kWh (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 37 Oil – production: 61, 870 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 60 Oil – consumption: 383, 000 bbl/day (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 35 Exports: $17. 87 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 67 $21. 09 billion (2008 est. ) Imports: $28. 31 billion (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 59 $38. 19 billion (2008 est. ) Exports – commodities: textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs Exports – partners: US 16. 1%, UAE 11. 7%, Afghanistan 8. 6%, UK 4. 5%, China 4. % (2008) Imports – commodities: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea Imports – partners: China 14. 3%, Saudi Arabia 12. 2%, UAE 11. 3%, Kuwait 5. 5%, US 4. 8%, Malaysia 4. 1% (2008) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $15. 68 billion (31 December 2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 46 $8. 903 billion (31 December 2008 est. ) Debt – external: $52. 12 billion (31 December 2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 48 $46. 39 billion (31 December 2008 est. ) Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar * 81. 41 (2009) * 70. 64 (2008) * 60. 6295 (2007) * 60. 35 (2006) * 59. 515 (2005) COMMUNICATIONS Telephones – main lines in use: 4. 546 million (2008) Country comparison to the world: 33

Telephones – mobile cellular: 91. 44 million (2009) Country comparison to the world: 9 Television broadcast stations: 20 (5 state-run channels and 15 privately-owned satellite channels) (2006) Internet hosts: 226, 236 (2009) Country comparison to the world: 61 Internet users: 18. 5 million (2008) Country comparison to the world: 20 TRANSPORTATION Airports: 145 (2009) Country comparison to the world: 38 Heliports: 19 (2009) Pipelines: gas 10, 402 km; oil 2, 011 km; refined products 787 km (2009) Railways: 7, 791 km Country comparison to the world: 28 Roadways: 259, 197 km Country comparison to the world: 20 Ports and terminals: Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim MILITARY

Military branches: Army (includes National Guard), Navy (includes Marines and Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza’ya) (2010) Military service age and obligation: 17-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors (2009) Manpower available for military service: * Males age 16-49: 45, 829, 360 * Females age 16-49: 41, 716, 682 (2010 est. ) Manpower fit for military service: * Males age 16-49: 35, 774, 936 * Females age 16-49: 34, 572, 451 (2010 est. ) Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: * Male: 2, 144, 574 * Female: 2, 000, 479 (2010 est. ) Military expenditures: 3% of GDP (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 47 COMPARISON OF THE THREE ECONOMIES Variables| PAKISTAN| AUSTRALIA| KENYA| Capital| Islamabad| Canberra| Nairobi|

Independence day| 14 August 1947 (from British India)| 1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies)| 12 December 1963 (from the UK)| Constitution| 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December 2007; amended 19 April 2010| 9 July 1900; effective on 1 January 1901| 12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2008; note – the 2008 amendments established the coalition government and the position of prime minister| Government type| federal republic| federal parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm| republic| Area| 796, 095 sq km| 7, 741, 220 sq km| 580, 367 sq km|

Climate| Climate: Current Weather mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in northTerrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Baluchistan plateau in west| Current Weather: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in northTerrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast| Climate: Current Weather varies from tropical along coast to arid in interiorTerrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west| Population| 177, 276, 594 (July 2010 est. )| 21, 515, 754(July 2010 est. )| 40, 046, 566| Life expectancy at birth| Total population: 65. 62 yearsMale: 63. 84 yearsFemale: 67. 49 years (2010 est. )| Total population: 81. 72 yearsMale: 79. 33 yearsFemale: 84. 25 years (2010 est. )| Total population: 58. 82 yearsMale: 58. 33 yearsFemale: 59. 32 years (2010 est. )| STATUS w. r. t. POPULATION| 6| 54th | 33rd | Population growth rate| 1. 513% (2010 est. )| 1. 171%| 2. 588% (2010 est. | Currency| Pakistani Rupee (PKR)| Australian Dollar (AUD)| Kenyan shillings (KES)| Exchange rate| Rs. 84. 396/$| AUD1. 2894/$| KES78. 042/$| Labor force| 55. 88 million Agriculture: 43%Industry: 20. 3%Services: 36. 6% (2005 est. )| 11. 44 million (2009 est. ) Agriculture: 3. 6%Industry: 21. 1%Services: 75% (2009 est. )| 17. 47 million (2009 est. ) Agriculture: 75%Industry and services: 25% (2007 est. )| Unemployment rate| 15. 2% (2009 est. )| 5. 7% (2009 est. )| 40% (2008 est. )| Poverty rate| 24% (FY05/06 est. )| NA| 50% (2000 est. )| Literacy rate| Total population: 49. 9%Male: 63%Female: 36% (2005 est. )| Total population: 99%Male: 99%Female: 99% (2003 est. )| Total population: 85. 1%Male: 90. 6%Female: 79. 7% (2003 est. | School life expectancy| Total: 7 yearsMale: 7 yearsFemale: 6 years (2006)| Total: 20 yearsMale: 20 yearsFemale: 21 years (2006)| Total: 10 yearsMale: 10 yearsFemale: 9 years (2004)| Industries| textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp| mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel| small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminum, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism| Imports| $28. 31 billion (2009 est. )| $160. 9 billion (2009 est. )| $9. 031 billion (2009 est. )| Exports| $17. 87 billion (2009 est. )| $161. 5 billion (2009 est. )| $4. 479 billion (2009 est. )|

Major exports| textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs| coal, iron ore, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment| tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, cement| Major imports| petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea| machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products| machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics| Budget| Revenues: $23. 21 billionExpenditures: $30. 05 billion (2009 est. )| revenues: $323. 6 billionexpenditures: $358. 4 billion (2009 est. )| Revenues: $6. 858 billionExpenditures: $8. 759 billion (2009 est. )| GDP (PPP)| $449. 3 billion (2009 est. )| $824. 3 billion (2009 est. )| $63. 73 billion (2009 est. )| GDP(PPP) per capita| $2, 600 (2009 est. )| $38, 800 (2009 est. )| $1, 600 (2009 est. )| GDP share in different sectors| Agriculture: 20. 8%Industry: 24. 3%Services: 54. 9% (2009 est. )| Agriculture: 3. 8%Industry: 24. 9%Services: 71. 3% (2009 est. )| Agriculture: 21. %Industry: 16. 3%Services: 62. 3% (2009 est. )| Inflation rates| 14. 2% (2009 est. )| 1. 9% (2009 est. )| 20. 5% (2009 est. )| HDI INDICATORS COMPARISON a) PER CAPITA INCOME| | PAKISTAN| AUSTRALIA| KENYA| | $1016| $46278| $912| b) LIFE EXPECTANCY (UNICEF 2006)| Improved Sanitation facilities| 58%| 100%| 42%| Improved Water facilities| 90%| 100%| 57%| c) EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT (UNICEF 2007)| Literacy Rates| Total population: 49. 9%Male: 63%Female: 36% (2005 est. )| Total population: 99%Male: 99%Female: 99% (2003 est. )| Total population: 85. 1%Male: 90. 6%Female: 79. 7% (2003 est. )| CPM COMPONENTS (UNICEF 2008) | PAKISTAN| AUSTRALIA| KENYA|

Children under weight under 5 years of age| 32%| 6%| 10%| Unattended birth rate| 72/1000| NA| 81/1000| Female literacy rate| 36%| 99%| 79. 7%| OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS | PAKISTAN| AUSTRALIA| KENYA| Telephone users| 4. 546 million (2008)| 9. 37 million (2008)| 243, 700 (2008)| Mobile phone users| 91. 44 million (2009)| 22. 12 million (2008)| 16. 304 million (2008)| Television stations| 20 (5 state-run channels and 15 privately-owned satellite channels) (2006)| 104 | 8 (2008)| Internet users| 18. 5 million (2008)| 15. 17 million (2008)| 3. 36 million (2008)| Airports| 145 (2009)| 464 (2009)| 181 (2009)| Railways| 7, 791 km| 37, 855 km| Not available|

Roadways| 259, 197 km| 812, 972 km| 63, 574 km (interurban roads)| Military expenditure| 3% of GDP (2007 est. )| 3% of GDP (2009)| 2. 8% of GDP (2006)| OVERVIEW OF THE THREE ECONOMIES AUSTRALIA Australia’s abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron ore, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas project, will significantly expand the resources sector. Australia also has a large services sector and is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food.

Key tenets of Australia’s trade policy include support for open trade and the successful culmination of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, particularly for agriculture and services. The Australian economy grew for 17 consecutive years before the global financial crisis. Subsequently, the Rudd government introduced a fiscal stimulus package worth over US$50 billion to offset the effect of the slowing world economy, while the Reserve Bank of Australia cut interest rates to historic lows. These policies – and continued demand for commodities, especially from China – helped the Australian economy rebound after just one quarter of negative growth. The economy grew by 1. % during the first three quarters of 2009 – the best performance in the OECD. Unemployment, originally expected to reach 8-10%, peaked at 5. 7% in late 2009 and fell to 5. 3% by February 2010. As a result of an improved economy, the budget deficit is expected to peak below 4. 2% of GDP and the government could return to budget surpluses as early as 2015. The Australian financial system remained resilient throughout the financial crisis and Australian banks have rebounded. Australia was one of the first advanced economies to raise interest rates – three times since October 2009 – and the government removed the wholesale funding guarantee for financial institutions in March 2010.

During 2010, the government will focus on raising Australia’s economic productivity, managing the symbiotic, but sometimes tense, economic relationship with China, passing emissions trading legislation, and dealing with other climate-related issues such as drought and devastating bushfires. Australia is engaged in the Trans-Pacific Partnership talks and ongoing free trade agreement negotiations with China and Japan. KENYA Although the regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, Kenya has been hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primary goods whose prices have remained low. In 1997, the IMF suspended Kenya’s Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the government’s failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. The IMF, which had resumed loans in 2000 to help Kenya through a drought, again halted lending in 2001 when the government failed to institute several anticorruption measures.

In the key December 2002 elections, Daniel Arap MOI’s 24-year-old reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable economic problems facing the nation. After some early progress in rooting out corruption and encouraging donor support, the KIBAKI government was rocked by high-level graft scandals in 2005 and 2006. In 2006, the World Bank and IMF delayed loans pending action by the government on corruption. The international financial institutions and donors have since resumed lending, despite little action on the government’s part to deal with corruption. Post-election violence in early 2008, coupled with the effects of the global financial crisis on remittance and exports, reduced estimated GDP growth to 2% or lower in 2008 and 2009. PAKISTAN

Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment. Between 2001-07, however, poverty levels decreased by 10%, as Islamabad steadily raised development spending. Between 2004-07, GDP growth in the 5-8% range was spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors – despite severe electricity shortfalls – but growth slowed in 2008-09 and unemployment rose. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, jumping from 7. 7% in 2007 to 20. 3% in 2008, and 14. 2% in 2009. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated since 2007 as a result of political and economic instability.

The government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008 in response to a balance of payments crisis, but during 2009 its current account strengthened and foreign exchange reserves stabilized – largely because of lower oil prices and record remittances from workers abroad. Textiles account for most of Pakistan’s export earnings, but Pakistan’s failure to expand a viable export base for other manufactures have left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education, healthcare, and electricity production, and reducing dependence on foreign donors. BIBLIOGRAPHY * CIA FACTBOOK https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ * WIKIPEDIA www. wikipedia. org/ * GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE www. google. com. pk/ * UNICEF OFFICIAL WEBSITE www. unicef. org/

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