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Commentary: allergen and epitope targets of mouse-specific t cell responses in allergy and asthma

Subject: Health & Medicine
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  • Published: January 20, 2022
  • Updated: January 20, 2022
  • University / College: Florida Atlantic University - Boca Raton
  • Language: English
  • Downloads: 26

A Commentary on

by Schulten, V., Westernberg, L., Birrueta, G., Sidney, J., Paul, S., Busse, P., et al. (2018). Front. Immunol. 9: 235. doi:

We read with interest the article on the mouse allergen-specific T cell responses of subjects with asthma or rhinitis sensitized to mouse allergens ( 1 ). As the authors write, the subject is important because the specific T cell response to mouse allergens, especially to Mus m 1, has remained uncharacterized until now.

Mus m 1 belongs to the lipocalin family of proteins which contains most of the important mammalian inhalant allergens, such as cow Bos d 2, dog Can f 1, Can f 2, Can f 4 and Can f 6, horse Equ c 1 and Equ c 2, rat Rat n 1, and cat Fel d 4 and Fel d 7 ( 2 , 3 ). The important exception in the list is the major allergen of cat, Fel d 1, which is a secretoglobin ( 4 ). The WHO/IUIS Allergen nomenclature database () contains one mouse allergen, Mus m 1. It is listed to have two isoforms. The UniProt protein database () contains multiple existing and potential proteins highly homologous with Mus m 1. On the other hand, Mus m 1 belongs to the group of lipocalin allergens (Mus m 1, Rat n 1, Fel d 4, Can f 6, and Equ c 1) which show considerable amino acid identities (47–67%) among one another ( 3 ). Therefore, it is of special interest that Schulten et al. report that the (homologous immunodominant) peptides that are shared between Mus m 1 and other major urinary proteins (MUPs) are significantly more T cell-reactive than the ones that are not shared ( 1 ). They suggest that sequence conservation between MUPs, even from different species, can enhance human T cell responses, presumably due to increased frequency of exposure.

Upon studies regarding the human T cell reactivity to Bos d 2, we speculated that the T cell epitopes of lipocalin allergens may colocalize ( 5 , 6 ). Thereafter, we have reported that when the amino acid sequences of the lipocalin allergens Equ c 1, Bos d 2, and Can f 1 are aligned their T cell epitopes largely colocalize ( 2 , 3 , 7 ). This is also the case with Bos d 2 and Rat n 1 ( 8 ), and it also seems to be the case with Can f 4 ( 9 ) and Mus m 1 with other lipocalin allergens (unpublished results). As human endogenous lipocalins can show considerable amino acid identities with lipocalin allergens, up to about 60%, as is the case with dog Can f 1 and human lipocalin-1 (von Ebner’s gland protein/tear lipocalin) ( 10 ), the sequence conservation or evolutionary relatedness can play a role in the allergenicity of lipocalin allergens ( 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 10 ). Importantly, we have observed that the lipocalin allergens examined are poorly immunogenic in a mouse model ( 11 , 12 ), weakly antigenic in vitro ( 5 , 7 , 13 , 14 ), and the T cell epitopes examined are recognized suboptimally by human T cells ( 15 , 16 ). All these findings point to the concept that lipocalin allergens are not recognized optimally, proposedly, because thymic tolerance due to the sequential similarity of lipocalin allergens with endogenous lipocalins, limits the strength of T cell response to the allergens ( 2 , 3 ). It is well-documented that weak T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling favors the development of T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity ( 17 ).

Taken together, it seems plausible that the T cell reactive regions in lipocalin allergens in general colocalize. Basically, this would result from the evolutionary relatedness of lipocalin proteins which is often observable as amino acid identities of considerable level between them. The conservation of immunodominant regions across lipocalin proteins can have important implications for the allergenic capacity of mammalian lipocalin allergens.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Funding

This study was supported by University of Eastern Finland.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

1. Schulten V, Westernberg L, Birrueta G, Sidney J, Paul S, Busse P, et al. Allergen and epitope targets of mouse-specific T cell responses in allergy and asthma. Front Immunol.(2018) 9: 235. doi: 10. 3389/fimmu. 2018. 00235

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2. Virtanen T, Kinnunen T, Rytkönen-Nissinen M. Mammalian lipocalin allergens – insights into their enigmatic allergenicity. Clin Exp Allergy.(2012) 42: 494–504. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2222. 2011. 03903. x

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3. Virtanen T, Kinnunen T, Rytkönen-Nissinen M. Mammalian allergens. In: Lockey RF, Ledford DK, editors. Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy: Subcutaneous, Sublingual and Oral . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; Taylor & Francis Group (2014). p. 217–33.

4. Kaiser L, Gronlund H, Sandalova T, Ljunggren H, Van Hage-Hamsten M, Achour A, et al. The crystal structure of the major cat allergen Fel d 1, a member of the secretoglobin family. J Biol Chem.(2003) 278: 37730–5. doi: 10. 1074/jbc. M304740200

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5. Zeiler T, Mäntyjärvi R, Rautiainen J, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Vilja P, Taivainen A, et al. T cell epitopes of a lipocalin allergen colocalize with the conserved regions of the molecule. J Immunol.(1999) 162: 1415–22.

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6. Virtanen T, Zeiler T, Rautiainen J, Mäntyjärvi R. Allergy to lipocalins: a consequence of misguided T-cell recognition of self and nonself? Immunol Today.(1999) 20: 398–400. doi: 10. 1016/S0167-5699(99)01515-7

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7. Immonen A, Kinnunen T, Sirven P, Taivainen A, Houitte D, Peräsaari J, et al. The major horse allergen Equ c 1 contains one immunodominant region of T cell epitopes. Clin Exp Allergy.(2007) 37: 939–47. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2222. 2007. 02722. x

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8. Jeal H, Draper A, Harris J, Taylor AN, Cullinan P, Jones M. Determination of the T cell epitopes of the lipocalin allergen, Rat n 1. Clin Exp Allergy . (2004) 34: 1919–25. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2222. 2004. 02126. x

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9. Rönkä AL, Kinnunen TT, Goudet A, Rytkönen-Nissinen MA, Sairanen J, Kailaanmäki AHT, et al. Characterization of human memory CD4(+) T-cell responses to the dog allergen Can f 4. J Allergy Clin Immunol.(2015) 136: 1047–54. doi: 10. 1016/j. jaci. 2015. 02. 025

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10. Immonen A, Farci S, Taivainen A, Partanen J, Pouvelle-Moratille S, Närvänen A, et al. T cell epitope-containing peptides of the major dog allergen Can f 1 as candidates for allergen immunotherapy. J Immunol.(2005) 175: 3614–20. doi: 10. 4049/jimmunol. 175. 6. 3614

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11. Saarelainen S, Zeiler T, Rautiainen J, Närvänen A, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Mäntyjärvi R, et al. Lipocalin allergen Bos d 2 is a weak immunogen. Int Immunol.(2002) 14: 401–9. doi: 10. 1093/intimm/14. 4. 401

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12. Immonen A, Saarelainen S, Rautiainen J, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Kinnunen T, Mäntyjärvi R, et al. Probing the mechanisms of low immunogenicity of a lipocalin allergen, Bos d 2, in a mouse model. Clin Exp Allergy.(2003) 33: 834–41. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1365-2222. 2003. 01669. x

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13. Kinnunen T, Taivainen A, Partanen J, Immonen A, Saarelainen S, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, et al. The DR4-DQ8 haplotype and a specific T cell receptor Vbeta T cell subset are associated with absence of allergy to Can f 1. Clin Exp Allergy.(2005) 35: 797–803. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2222. 2005. 02247. x

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14. Liukko ALK, Kinnunen TT, Rytkönen-Nissinen MA, Kailaanmäki AHT, Randell JT, Maillère B, et al. Human CD4+ T cell responses to the dog major allergen Can f 1 and its human homologue tear lipocalin resemble each other. PLoS ONE.(2014) 9: e98461. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0098461

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15. Kinnunen T, Buhot C, Närvänen A, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Saarelainen S, Pouvelle-Moratille S, et al. The immunodominant epitope of lipocalin allergen Bos d 2 is suboptimal for human T cells. Eur J Immunol.(2003) 33: 1717–26. doi: 10. 1002/eji. 200322952

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16. Juntunen R, Liukko A, Taivainen A, Närvänen A, Durand G, Kauppinen A, et al. Suboptimal recognition of a T cell epitope of the major dog allergen Can f 1 by human T cells. Mol Immunol.(2009) 46: 3320–7. doi: 10. 1016/j. molimm. 2009. 07. 022

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17. Paul W, Zhu J. How are T(H)2-type immune responses initiated and amplified? Nat Rev Immunol.(2010) 10: 225–35. doi: 10. 1038/nri2735

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