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Bsc 2093 a&p i lecture

BSC 2093 A&P I Lecture Exam 2 Review Sheet Chapter 5: The Integumentary System Know figure 5. 1 Identify the different structures that make up the integument including the dermal layers, Sweat and Oil glands, and Nerve Corpuscles that exist there Know that Skin accounts for 7% of the body weight (911 lbs) Know how to calculate percent skin from a given weight and vice versa. Know the name, shape, and characteristics of the cell types that exist in the Epidermis Keratinocytes  keratin producing cells that allow the skin to have its protective effect. Melanocytes  the spidershaped cells that produce melanin, a dark pigment. Merkel Cells  Spikedlike hemisphere cell important for touch sensation Langerhan= s cells  Starshaped macrophages that help activate our immune system Know the difference between Thick and Thin skin and where they can be found (Thick has five layers thin has four) – what= s the extra layer that thick skin has? Know the names of the different Epidermal Layers, where they are located, and what cell types or characteristics can be associated with each layer. Stratum Basale – Lower most layer where Melanocytes and Merkel Cells can be found Stratum Corneum – Upper most layer Comprised primarily of dead cells Stratum Granulosum – Layer below Corneum and above Spinosum where keratinocytes can be found releasing granules of lipids and keratin. Stratum Spinosum – The layer above Basale where Langerhan= s cells and Keratinocytes can be found Know that the Dermis has two layers and their characteristics Papillary  thin superficial layer made up of areolar connective tissue Reticular  Deeper and thicker layer made up of dense irregular connective tissue Know the different proteins that contribute to skin color, what colors they contribute, and where they are located Melanin (yellow, redishbrown, black)  comes from melanocytes What is the enzyme that synthesizes Melanin? tyrosinase Carotene (yellow to orange)  comes from pigments in plants we eat and accumulates in fatty tissue of the hypodermis Hemoglobin (Pinkish)  comes from the color of oxygenated blood Know the different Skin Appendages and their characteristics Sebaceous (oil) glands  Secrete an oily secretion called Sebum which empties into the hair follicle and skin pores to soften the skin and hair and reduce water loss Two Types of Sweat Glands Eccrine  a coiled gland that sits below the surface of the skin and secretes sweat from a long tubular structure onto the skin Apocrine  Larger sweat glands that secretes sweat into the hair follicles Nails (Nail Matrix, Cuticle) Know that Nails and Hair are made up of hard keratin Know the different Functions of the Integument and the different components that contribute to that function Chemical Barrier melanin  Prevents the effects of UV that can lead to skin cancer, acid pH  Low pH due to skin excretion, sebum  Bactericidal substance human defensin  natural antibiotic cathelicidins  prevents streptococcus bacteria Physical/Mechanical Barrier  Keratin creates a hardness of skin while glycolipids prevent water loss and water penetration. Know the different Substances that can penetrate the skin barrier are Lipidsoluble substances  Oxygen, CO2, Fat soluble vitamins, and steroids Oleoresins  Poison Ivy and Poison Oak Organic solvents  acetone, dry cleaning solution, paint thinner Salts of heavy metals  lead, mercury, and nickel Drug agents called penetration enhancers What is the chemotoxin that can be produced by Lime juice? Biological Barrier  Langerhan= s cells are macrophage cells that activate immune response Body Temperature Regulation  Sweating Cools the body, blood vessel constriction warms the body Cutaneous Sensation (exteroceptors)  Meissner= s corpuscles, Merkel Cells  Light pressure and tactile sensations Pacinian receptors  Deep pressure Hair follicle receptors  Sensations of the hair Bare nerve endings  Pain stimuli Metabolic Functions  Synthesizes Vitamin D & Keratinocyte enzymes Blood Reservoir  5% of the body= s blood Excretion  Water, Salt, Ammonia, Urea, Uric Acid Know the different disorders that afflict the Integument and be able to identify them either by description or by looking at the picture (Figures from the book as well as those used in class) Types of Hair – Adults have two types of hair. Vellus hair is soft, fine, and usually short. It may be colorless. This gives the impression of ” hairless skin@. In women, this occurs on the face, chest and back. Terminal hair is longer, coarser and thicker. Examples are the scalp, pubic and axillary hair in both men and women. Facial and body hair in men is also of the terminal hair. Hirsutism B An excess growth of terminal hair in locations where hair growth in women usually is minimal or absentY. usually occurs in androgenstimulated locations, such as the face, chest, stomach, back, upper thighs, upper arms and/or areolae. Hypertrichosis  An excess growth of terminal hair and the vellus hair on the face, chest, stomach, back, upper thighs, upper arms and areolae becomes dark. Alopecia  is a thinning or a balding of the scalp that can be seen in both men and women Can be caused by: Acutely High Fever, Surgery, Severe emotional trauma, certain drugs, proteindeficiency, lactation, and autoimmune disease. Male Pattern Baldness  is a genetically determined sexinfluenced condition. Harlequin Ichthyosis – An inherited skin disorder which causes the thickening of the keratin skin layer in fetal skin. 1 in half a million babies are born with Harlequin Ichthyosis and most die of dehydration. It is 99% fatal, however there is one exceptionYRyan Gonzales who survived by using Acutane (a antiacne cream). Vitiligo  Skin pigmentation disorder where melanocytes die creating light patches on the skin Nevus B a rare genetic condition where there is an overproduction of melanocytes creating dark patches of skin Xeroderma Pigmentosum B a rare genetic condition in which DNA repair processes are defective causing susceptibility to chromosome breaks and cancers when exposed to ultraviolet light Port Wine Stain  Birth mark caused by an abnormal collection of dermal blood vessels Rosacea  Flushing of the skin as dermal blood vessels become engorged which can eventually disfigure the skin Acne  is caused by the increase of oil production and the activation of the sebaceous glands during adolescence. Irritations and Dermatitis B Itching and scratching of the skin that can lead to an inflammatory response which can spread Irritations are generally associated with external agitations while dermatitis is an inflammatory response that can lead to itching and scratching in response to an external irritant Psoriasis B Genetic trait that leads to an autoimmune attack that causes severe skin flaking (scales) and lesions of the skin (plagues) Eczema  Patches of skin become rough and inflamed leading to itching and bleeding Skin Cancers and Tumors  Overgrowth of skin cells Skin Cancers and Tumor – know the different types of cancers and their characteristics Warts  Benign cancers that result from virus infection Moles Benign cancers that emerge on the skin Basal Cell Carcinoma  cells of the stratum basale rapidly divide Squamous cell carcinoma  keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum Melanoma  Cancer of melanocytes (pigmented cells) Freckles Epithelioma (Adenoids Cysticum) (Calcification and Pseudoepitheliomatous) Carcinoma of the Parotid What does the Parotid do? Trophic Ulcers  Localized breakdown and ulceration due to interference in blood supply Fungal Infections  Various Fungi are capable of infecting the skin leading to irritation, inflammation, swelling and skin loss – What is an example of a fungal infection? (Hint: think Foot) Burns  Tissue damage inflicted by heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals, and extreme cold 1st degree  only the epidermis 2nd degree  Epidermis and upper region of the Dermis 3rd degree  Burns the entire regions of the skin What image was used at this time to indicate another type of burn besides the ones mentioned above? Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome (TENS) B An immunecomplex mediated disorder that causes large sheets of epidermis and the underlying dermal surface to become necrotic. StevensJohnson Syndrome (SJS)  an inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes (mucocutaneous) that is triggered by an allergic reaction Supernumerary B having more than the typical number of body structures Digits B fingers and toes Breasts B the production of extra mammary tissue inbetween the mammary and axillary regions Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue Know the Three types of cartilage, their characteristics and sub categories, and what they look like (figure 4. 8) Hyaline Cartilages – The most abundant Skeletal cartilage Types of Hyaline include Articular Cartilage  ends of most bones Costal Cartilage  connects ribs to sternum Respiratory Cartilage  forms the skeleton of the larynx and reinforces respiratory passageways Nasal Cartilage  supports the external nose Elastic cartilage  similar to hyaline except that it has elastic fibers. Found in two locations  external ear and the epiglottis Fibrocartilage  an intermediate between Hyaline and Elastic that are highly compressible and have great tensile strength. Found in padlike cartilages of the knee (menisci) and the disks between the vertebrae Know that there are 206 bones in the adult human Know that the Skeleton can be separated into Axial and Appendicular Whereby Axial includes: Skull Hyoid Vertebral Column Rib Cage and the Appendicular includes: The Upper Extremities Clavicle, Scapula, Upper Arm (Humerus), Forearm (Radius and Ulna), and Hand The Lower Extremities Pelvic Girdle, Upper Leg (Femur), Lower Leg (Tibia and Fibula), and Foot Know the different Bone Types and where they can be found Long Bones – Arm, Leg, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Phalanges Short Bones – Wrist (Carpals) and Ankle (Sternum) Flat Bones – Sternum, Os Coxa, Scapula, and Skull Irregular Bones – Vertebrae Round Bones – Knee cap Know the different Functions of Bones 1 Support  Provides the body framework and cradles the soft organs 2. Protection  Skull protects the brain, the vertebrae protects the spinal cord, and the rib cage protects the lungs 3. Movement  Skeletal muscles attach to bones and provide movement 4. Mineral Storage  Main reservoir for calcium and phosphate. 5. Blood Cell Formation (hematopoiesis)  Blood formation occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones Know the different Bone Structures and their definitions Depressions and Cavities Foramen  an opening in the bone that provides passageway for nerves and blood vessels Fossa  a shallow depression in the bone Sulcus  a groove or furrow Meatus  a canal or long tubelike passageway Fissure  a narrow slit Sinus  A cavity in a bone Processes Condyle  a rounded knucklelike eminence on a bone that articulates with another bone Tuberosity  A large roughened process where muscle may anchor Tubercle  A small rounded process Trochanter  A very large process on a bone Crest  A narrow ridge of bone Spine  A sharp slender process Know figure 6. 3 and the different Bone Components and their characteristics Spongy Bone  A honeycomb of small needlelike or flat pieces, trabeculae, making up the inside of the bone Compact Bone  Smooth dense bone that makes up the outer bone Diaphysis  The neck or shaft of a long bone Epiphysis  The ends of long bones Metaphysis/ Epiphyseal plate  The area at which bone growth occurs Medullary cavity  an tubular space in long bones where yellow marrow can be found Endosteum  Connective tissue that lines the interior of the diaphysis and the trabecula of spongy bone Yellow Marrow  Fat marrow Red Marrow  Hematopoetic marrow Periosteum  Connective tissue that surround the outer surface of bones Articular Cartilage – The hyaline cartilage that surrounds the ends of bones (epiphysis) Perforating (Sharpey= s) fibers  Secures the periosteum to the underlying bone Know the different Osteo words and definitions associated with them Osteocytes  Spiderlike cells found in bone Osteoblasts  Cells that build bone Osteoclasts  Cells that breakdown bone Osteon  structural unit of compact bone Osteogenesis  The process during development that forms the bony skeleton Know what Ossification is and the different subcategories and their characteristics Ossification  is the process that produces bone Osteogenesis Intramembranous ossification  the process by which flat bones of the Skull and the Clavicle are made Endochondral ossification  the process by which all other bones are made whereby Hyaline cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone. Bone growth  occurs after the formation of the bony skeleton until early adulthood Remodeling and repair  is the process by which bones maintain homeostasis even after adulthood Know what the different hormones do and where they are produced Growth Hormone – Hormone most responsible for bone growth produced in the Pituitary Testosterone and Estrogen – hormone(s) responsible for promoting growth spurts and the feminization and masculinization of the bone produced by the sex organs Calcitonin – stimulates calcium deposit in bone produced by the Thyroid Parathyroid Hormone – stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone produced by the PT Know the different Bone Fractures Nondisplaced Vs Displaced – Whether or not the bone has moved out of alignment Complete Vs Incomplete – Whether or not the bone is broken all the way through Linear Vs Transverse – Whether the break is parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the bone Open (compound) Vs Closed (Simple) – Whether or not the break penetrates the skin Know the different Homeostatic Imbalances that can affect Bone, what those disorders look like (pictures shown in class) and their characteristics Gigantism  Overproduction of Growth Hormone leads to increases in bone growth Dwarfism  Underproduction of Growth Hormone Osteomalacia  When Calciumsalt deposits are not being made even though osteoids are being produced Rickets  When cartilage in the epiphyseal plates are not being calcified leading to bowed legs and deformities in the skull, pelvis, and rib cage. Osteoporosis  Disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. Paget= s Disease  Caused by excessive bone deposit and resorption whereby there is a higher ratio of spongy bone to compact bone What is the famous wrestler= s name who suffered from Gigantism? Chapter 7: The Skeleton Know the different bones of the skeleton Figure 7. 1 and 7. 21 Know the Bones of Skull (22 bones) Cranial Bones (Cranium) Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Temporal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Sutural Bone Facial bones Mandible Maxillary Bones Zygomatic Bones Nasal Bones Lacrimal Bones Palatine Bones Vomer Inferior Nasal Conchae Know the Cranial Sutures and what bones they join together Coronal Suture Frontonasal Suture Sagittal suture Lamboidal suture Squamousal suture Occipitomastoid suture Know the openings of the skull Foramen Magnum Infraorbital and Supraorbital Foramen Internal and External Auditory Meatus Foramen Incissive/ Anterior Palatine Foramen Jugular Foramen Mental Foramen Optic Canal Jugular Foramen Know the different Paranasal Sinuses (Figure 7. 11) Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus Know the different regions of the Vertebral Column and how many vertebrae are located in each region (Figure 7. 13) Cervical  7 Vertebrae Thoracic  12 Vertebrae Lumbar  5 Vertebrae Sacrum  is made up of 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx  is made up of 4 fused vertebrae Know the basic structure of the Vertebrae ( Figure 7. 15) Body Spinous Process Transverse Process Superior and Inferior Articular Process Vertebral Foramen Pedicle Articular Facet for the Rib Know where you can find the Atlas and the Axis Know the Bony Thorax (Rib Cage) (Figure 7. 19) Sternum Manubrium Clavicle Notch Body Xiphoid process Ribs True Ribs (Vertebrosternal) False Ribs (Vertebrochondral) Floating Ribs (Vertebral) You should be able to identify the bones of the Upper and Lower Extremities (Figure 7. 21) Know the Hand (Figure 7. 26) Know the Pelvic Girdle (7. 27) Only the ones mentioned in class Know the Foot (Figure 7. 31) Know the different disorders that can afflict the skull Gigantiform Cementoma  Caused by excessive bone deposit leading to cancerous growth of the Maxilla and/or Mandible. Can be fatal if tumor grows to the extent off blocking all air passageways (also know what it looks like).

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