Social Interaction Theory of DevianceAlso called “ Labeling Theory” What is universal about deviance? 1. All social groups make rules2. All try to enforce them, sometimesHow do social rules function? 1. Define situations2. Define kinds of behavior appropriate to the rules3. Specify right and wrong behaviorWho are “ outsiders”? Those who have been thought to have broken an enforced ruleWhat assumptions about identity tend to accompany the outsider? 1. Special kind of people2. Untrustworthy because they don’t live according to agreed rulesWhat are the perspectives of the person labeled outsider? May not accept the rule by which he/she is being judgedWhy is outsiders considered a “ double-barreled” term? The person labeled ‘ outsider’ may regard those who are labeling him/her as incompetent or illegitimate
i. e. they may think the labelers are the real outsiders
Two parameters of the term ‘ double-barreled’ that Becker focuses on1. Situations (or rule breaking and enforcement)
2. Processes (by which some break rules and some enforce them)
Between what kinds of rules does Becker distinguish? 1. formally enacted by law and enforced by police
2. Informal agreement enforced by informal sanctions associated with age, tradition, consensus
Whose job is it to enforce informal rules? 1. Everyone2. Everyone in a certain group3. Specialized bodies, like professional associationsWhat happens when rules are not enforced? 1. Sometimes they may remain on the books anyways, like blue laws and sodomy laws
2. Sometimes they simply die
How does Becker define the actual operating rules of groups? They are kept alive by enforcementWhat way to we grade deviant acts or actors? Our tolerance is related to the act and the situation
e. g. getting drunk at a party; knifing someone at a party
How do rule-breakers think about being judged? Depends on the person and the situation
e. g. traffic violation may not seem unjust, alcoholics may feel ambivalent, others might rejected.
UHAUnconscious/Uncritical Homophobia AlertCommon sense premise about deviance? 1. Associated with breaking, or seeming to break, social rules
2. Some characteristic of the person who breaks the rule
What happens when scientists do not question the deviant label when it is applied to particular acts or people? Scientists uncritically accept the values of the group making the judgmentWhat are the implications of the fact that different groups judge deviance differently?
What are the implications of cross-cultural variation?
The person making the judgmentThe process by which the judgment is arrive atThe situation in which it is made
If scientists take common sense view, they may leave out an important variable, the variable character of the judgment process
Why does it matter if scientists leave out the aspect of variabilityIt will limit the kin of theories and understandings that can be developedWhat are the strengths and weaknesses of a statistical definition
i. e. deviance is anything that differs from the most common?
Simplifies question by doing away with questions of value by simply calculating distance from average
Too simple – wind up with a mixed back (redheads to murderers)
Too far removed from the issue of rule-breaking – some people who do not fit the average have no broken any rules
What are the strengths and weaknesses of a pathological definition
i. e. deviance is a symptom of disease
Problems of use of medical analogy – health and disease of human organism
Analogy: applying meaning from one piece of knowledge to another
It is relatively easy to agree on what is not healthy from a medical perspective, but when you stretch the analogy, it falls short. People don’t necessarily agree on what is deviant. No definition will satisfy
Why is the medical metaphor as limiting as the statistical view? Accepts lay judgment of deviance
By use of analogy, locates source in individual (disguising judgment as part of process)
What is the function of society? To discriminate between those features of society which promote stability and those which disrupt stability.
To point out areas of possible trouble in a society of which people may not be aware
Often a political question, which limits our understanding
How is the function of society decided? in political conflict – not nature of organization
factions within the group disagree and maneuver to have their own definition of the groups function accepted
Why is the functional view of deviance as defined as sociologists not much help then? It tends to ignore politics and change over timeIs the best definition of the function of society based on a simple failure to obey rules? Maybe, but the ambiguities have to be analyzed: Which rules? Who decides?
And if people belong to different groups, which set of rules should be attended to?
These things have to be figured out through empirical research
If two people commit the same deviant act
i. e. broke the same rule
can they be put in the same category?
A society has many groups, each with its own set of rules, and people belong to many groups simultaneously.
Therefore, a person may break the rules of one group by the very act of abiding by the rules of another group.
Central fact about devianceIt is created by societyWhat does Becker argue about the quality of a committed act? Deviance is not a quality of the at the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an “ offender” What might the assumptions of homogenous deviant category ignore? We cannot assume that these people have actually committed a deviant act or broken some rule because the process of labeling may not be infallible;
Some people may be labeled deviant who have not broken a rule.
Aside from the lack of homogeneity, what else do categories of those labeled deviant ignore? All the people who did not get caughtWhat kinds of experiences do the labeled share? They share the label and the experience of being labeled as outsiders
They share the process by which they came to be thought of as outsiders and their reactions to that judgment
What is the significance of Malinowski’s participant-observation experience in the Trobiand IslandsWhether an act is deviant, then, depends on how other people react to it… The response of other people has to be regarded as problematicTrobiand IslandsBoy commits suicide for breaking exogamy rule because taunted unjustifiably by another; he didn’t understand that his village would not be outraged by the knowledge of his “ crime,” nor that it would not react directly — Indeed, sex between endogamous couples is not rare. What kinds of variations are there in the deviant labeling processVaries over time – some deviant acts may be responded to much more leniently than he would at some other time
Who commits the act and who feels harmed – middle class boy is less likely to be taken to the station and booked compared to someone from the slums
POINT – There is differential enforcement of rules on different categories of people.
Why do “ commonplace observations” matter? Because they lead to the perspective that “ whether a given act is deviant or not depends in part on the nature of the act. That is, whether or not it violates some rule and in part on what people do about it.
More precise terminology – rule breaker vs deviant (the latter applied only to those who have been so labeled)
Not a quality, an interaction
Rule-makers may be deviant because…. Different sets of rules evolve in different groups and there will be contradiction and disagreementHow do you figure out the rules in any given social context? Empirical research – any given rule reveals variation; formal and informal factionsTo what extent and under what circumstances do people attempt to force their rules on others? Within Group – depends on political and economic power, gender, generation and race:
Becker gives examples of elders forcing rules on young people, men make rules for women, negros are subject to rules made by whites.
People are always forcing their rules on others, applying them more or less against the will and without the consent of those others
How has social media changed what circumstances people attempt to force their rules on others?…Power isThe ability to make and apply rulesFoucault’s Theory of Power…Rules that create and maintain the labeling process are not universally agreed to…They are the object of conflict and disagreement, art of the political process of societyWhy is marijuana use an interesting case to study the labeling theory of deviance? Individual conception of behavior develops in course of experience with deviant activity (time and sociality produce motivation rather than inner psychology)
curiosity transformed into patterns of action through social interpretation of ambiguous social experience
The aim to studying marijuana useTo understand the sequence of changes in attitude and experience which lead to the use of marijuana for pleasureWhat two factors undermine attempts to prove psychological theories1. Once you identify a particular trait as causal, the researcher has difficulty accounting for users who do not display this trait
2. Difficulty accounting for change over time in individual behavior
What rule does Becker follow when he uses the method of analytic induction? After studying 50 interviews with marijuana users, he finds a hypothesis that fits every caseHow did Becker manage to find 50 people to interview? He was working as a professional dance musician
Colleagues working on opiate drug users made interview material available to him
Why was it not possible for him to collect a random sample? No one knows the nature of universe from which the random sample would be drawnHow did he structure and transcribe his interviews? History of person’s experience
Using the jargon of he interveiwee
Where does he start his theory? With the person who arrived at the point of willingness to try marijuana
i. e. the person who has gone through the steps he identifies
What is the “ proper” technique for administering marijuana? In a way that insures sufficient dosage to produce real symptoms of intoxication (although this is ritualized, it is also efficient)What are the elements necessary to completion of this “ first step in the sequence of events that must occur if a person is to become a user…” 1. Social participation2. Observation3. ImitationOf which two elements does getting high consist? 1. Presence of symptoms cause by marijuana use
2. Recognition of these symptoms in a way that connects user with drug use
Even for people who don’t feel anything at first, marijuana “ can acquire meaning and be used for pleasure.” How? Learning produces a stable set of categories for experiencing drug effectsSymptoms are often perceived as unpleasant or ambiguous at first. So how does the user learn to enjoy it? He/She decides to, redefining through participation with other usersNo one becomes a marijuana user without1. Learning the smoke the drug in a way which will produce real effects2. Learning to recognize the effects and connect them with drug use (learning to get high)3. Learning to enjoy the sensations he perceivesWhat does marijuana use have to do with breakdown of social control in complex society? Becoming responsive to values of smaller groups, rather than larger societyHow do social controls affect individual behavior? Through power and application of sanctions
Subtle mechanisms reshaping conceptions of the activity in question and possibility of engaging in it (hegemony)
How does Becker analyze the genesis of deviant behavior? Characterizes events that render sanctions ineffective
Characterizes experiences that shift conceptions such that the behavior becomes conceivable
What forces operate to control marijuana use in the US? 1. Illegality2. Severe penalties (possible arrest and imprisonment)3. Difficult access4. Associated with violations of moral imperatives (self control)What are the three stages of marijuana use? beginner
occasional user
regular user
What are the three basic controls limiting use? 1. limiting supply and access2. need to keep nonusers from discovering3. defining use as immoralGiven accessibility limited by law, how does a potential marijuana user participate? Through a group organized in opposition to mainstream conventionsWhen does a beginner smoke marijuana? use is a function of availability (i. e. chance encounters)What happens when an occasional user moves toward more regular, systematic use? Needs a more stable source of supply
Establishes connections with people in the narcotics business
What are the characteristics of shifting toward dealer suppliers? 1. Larger quantities2. More economical3. Have to have a connection to illicit dealersHow do the characteristics of shifting toward dealer suppliers relate to a user’s identity? Person becomes more identified with dealer-groups
Is considered trustworthy
Is defined as a member
How does a user become less sensitive to arrest risk? Revises sense of danger once he/she accomplishes it without arrest
Danger no longer blocks access
Learns to observe elementary,, common sense precautions
What factors lead to instability of sources of supply? Arrest of dealer is a form of indirect deterrenceWhat is the relationship between group participation and level of marijuana use in a criminalized context? Each use level has a typical group-derived supply route
Changes in participation and membership lead to changes in use – use is a dependent variable
What is the basic informal mechanisms limiting a potential or actual marijuana users involvement? Fear of repudiation by nonusers leading to disrupted relationshipsHow does secrecy operate as a user progresses from beginner to occasional to regular user? Beginners are comfortable as long as occasional/regular users are comfortable
Occasional makes sure nonusers are not present and are not likely to intrude. The drug is used only when offered
Regular users believe that their actions can be carried on under the noses of nonusers; reduces contact with nonusers to almost zero
Regular users depends on a different attitude and kind of participationNonusers won’t realize they are high
Reduces contacts with nonusers to near zero point
What are the potential implications of these risks? Key relationships of deterrence are broken
New relationships with nonusers are inhibited
In lieu of isolation from mainstream society, what can a regular user do? Learn to control the drug’s effects while in the company of nonusers (becoming a secret deviant)
Develop idiosyncratic solutions (act goofy all the time, so people won’t know the difference)
Becker’s main point in terms of the level of marijuana usersEach level of use can occur only when the person has revised his conception of the dangers involved in such a way as to follow itWhat basic moral imperative operations against the “ dope fiend” stereotypeSelf control, rational behavior, responsibilityHow can a beginner neutralize the dope fiend stereotype? Participation, observation, liberation from conventional stereotypes e. g. that one becomes a slave to the drug
Acquisition of rationalizations and justifications learned from experience in drug-using groups (folklore); reorganization or moral notions
How can morality, or pop psychology, lead a regular user to cut back to occasional use? Fear of weakness, habit, personality maladjustmentHow can morality, or pop psychology, lead a regular user to keep using? Knowing and accepting that it is an escape
Replacing mainstream conceptions with “ inside” knowledge
Techniques of NeutralizationDenial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of the victim
Condemn the Condemner
Appeal to higher loyalites
Why was dance musician culture considered deviant in Becker’s time, given that their primary activities were within the formal law? Their culture and wy of life are considered bizarre and unconventional by manyHow does the anthropologist, Robert Redfield, define culture? Conventional understandings that manifest in act and artifact
Inter-Communivation among the members
An abstraction of idea type toward which members tend to conform
How can Redfield’s definition, crafted for homogenous societies, be used to think about complex societiesSmaller groups within complex societies are also held together by common understandingsHow does the mass media affect culture in this sense? How does culture arise? In response to a problem faced in common by a group of people, insofar as they are able to communicate effectivelyHow do deviant cultures develop? Where people who engage in deviant activities have the opportunity to interact with one another they are likely to develop a culture built around the problems arising out of the differences between their definition of what they do and the differences between their definition of what they do and the definition help by other members of society. Why are deviant cultures called “ subcultures” Because they operate within and in distinction to larger societyHow does Becker categorize the dance musicians? As a service profession i. e. workers come into more or less contact with consumersTo what problems and consequences does contact lead? Client is able to direct or attempt to direct the worker and apply sanction
Conflict and hostility
Defense mechanisms on the part of workers
Subculture
Music which is produced without reference to the demands of outsiders
How does Becker define “ jazz”?…Relevant OED definitionA type of popular music originating among African Americans in the southern United States, typically performed by ensembles and broadly characterized by regular forceful rhythms, syncopated phrasing, modifications to traditional instrumental tone and pitch, and improvisatory soloingWhat is the most distressing problem for the average musicians in Becker’s cohortTension between conventional success and artistic standardsHow do the musicians classify themselves? On a continuum between extreme “ jazz” to “ commercial” What do musicians have to do with deviance theory?? Problems arising out of difference between insiders and outsiders = protoypeWhat are the basic characteristics of Becker’s research methods? Site and time – Chicago music scene 1948-9, at jobs and at “ job markets”
Participant observation
Listening and recording ordinary kinds of conversation (rather than formal interviews)
How does Becker differentiate between musicians in his sample? By work setting and to a lesser extent, by city sizeWhy is Chicago a feasible site for his story? He lives and works there, so he has access
It is a sizable cit that allows musicians to specialize
How does Becker define “ square” Noun or Adj – Everything that a musician is not, or does not valueHow does the musician define himself? As someone possessing special gifts
As someone who should be free of control
What’s the strongest element on the musician-colleague code? Not to criticize or attempt to influence another’s playing while on the jobWhat conventional assumption underlies this statement:” An extreme view is the belief that only musicians are sensitive and unconventional enough to b able to give real sexual satisfaction to a woman.”]Musicians believe that they are under no obligation to imitate the conventional behavior of squares
No one can tell a musician how to do anything
Idiosyncrasy and being a “ character” is a primary occupational value
Which two conflicting themes constitute the basic musician consensus about the audience? Desire for free self-expression
Recognition that musicians may be forced to forego satisfying the desire because of outside pressures
What behavior patterns adjust musicians to their feelings of danger hostilityIsolation from audienceWhat consequences result from musicians isolation from the audience? Intensification of musicians’ status as outsiders through a cyclic operation of increasing devianceHow does isolation and fear structure the actual performance spaceSegregating on platform or barricaded in cornerWhy does contact-avoidance behavior expand into ordinary social activity? Working conditions (late hours, geographic mobility)
Hostile rejection of American culture in toto
What was the ethnic composition of that group of Becker’s study participants who adopted extreme attitudes? Fully assimilated national groups: Irish, Scandanavian, German, and English
i. e. privileged, many wealthy
How do identities sometimes work in contradictory ways? A person who identifies with a certain ethnic group may isolate himself from that group due to the differences between squares and musicians
i. e. Jewish man
What does language have to do with identity? Slang is a symbolic expression that marks the process of self-segregationWhat is the subjective definition of a career? The moving perspective in which the person sees his/her life as a whole and interprets the meaning of his/her various attributes, actions, and the things which happen to him/herWhat is the objective definition of a career? A series of statuses and clearly defied offices… typically sequences of postion achievement, responsibility, and even adventureWhat are the consequences of the antagonistic relationship between musicians and outsiders vis-a-vis the development of their careers? Affects contingencies and crisis pointshow does one get good jobs during one’s career? Cultivate relationships with the group that controls rewardsHow does a musician conceive of success? Movement through a hierarchy of available jobs
Expects to change jobs frequently
How are jobs ranked? Hours worked, degree of community recognition of achievementHow are musician’s jobs organized on a hierarchal scale? 1. Joints – lower class taverns and night clubs, strip clubs
2. Steady job with local bands in ‘ respectable’ night clubs
3. Class B name – Orchestras (second rank of nationally known dance orchestras)
4. Class A name – bands or local orchestras that play best night clubs, hotels, etc.
5. Men who hold staff positions on radio and Tv or legitimate theatres
What is the definition and importance of cliques? A network of informal, interlocking cliques allocates the jobs available for a given time
Cliques are bound together by ties of mutual importance
If you’re not in a clique, you don’t get hired
How is job security conceptualized? The number and quality of relationships of mutual obligation that you have established; the more connections, the higher your job security. What’s the main difference between the medical and music professionsMedical jobs tend to be based in a few large hospitals, musicians jobs have greater “ number of possible foci,” thus lessening the power of one particular cliqueHow do cliques structure mobility? Provide routes through which one can move up through levels of jobsHow do cliques facilitate operations from a business persons P. O. V.? The system operates to bring available men to the attention of those who have jobs to fill and to provide them with recruits who can be trusted to perform adequatelyMantuno’s quote on why successful performance is keySuccessful functioning and professional mobility are unctions of the individuals relation to a network of informal organizations composed of his colleagues.
The successful career my be viewed as a series of steps, each one a sequence of sponsorship, successful performance, and the building up of relationships at each new level
Conflicts of successful performancePrestige – the degree to which one refuses to modify one’s performance in deference to outside demands
But
Jazz doesn’t pay, rumbas do
For jobs, the most important cliques are commercial in orientation
What does a jazzmen’s clique offer? artistic integrityWhat does a commercial clique offer? security, mobility, income, and general social prestigeIn what sense is a musician’s career contingent upon this conflict? His success depends on how he reacts to it. Given these incompatible goals, what are the possibilities? Either choose between them, compromise to some degree, or get out of the professionGiven that most people compromise, leading to a pattern of career movement, what happens to the musicians’ sense of self? Has to radically change, has to think of himself as a different kind of personWhat are the principle points of contact between professional ethos (shared values and customs) of musicians and outsiders? the audience
family – membership in families binds the musician to people who are squares
What difference does class make in the clash of expectationsParents – do not aid the development of his career because entering this profession encourages his breaking with the conventional behavior patterns of his family
Lower class families see this career route as a possibly mobility route
Middle class families, choice of dance music as an occupation is viewed as a movement into Bohemianism, involving a loss of prestige for them and family; vigorously opposed
When are rules enforced? It varies
Only when something provokes enforcement
Not automatic relation between a rule’s existence and its enforcement
What are the five parameters in explanations of enforcement? An entrepreneur takes initiative to punish a culprit
An infraction is made public
People blow the whistle when they see some advantage in doing so
Personal interest
The kind of personal interest varies with the complexity of the situation and social structure
Malinowski’s example from the Trobriand IslandsBreaking incest rule
There was no conflict over the rule itself – everyone agreed that incest was wrong
However, the village didn’t think the boy should have died because of it
What inhibits conflicts over rule enforcement in complex, contemporary societyAnonymity
Everyone minds their own business
Everyone maintains an attitude of “ reserve”
What are the implications or consequences of “ reserve” Grants everyone personal freedom
Ordinary people ignore rule infractions, leaving enforcement to professionals
How do conflicts over enforcement take place in complexly structured organizations that are not anonymousConflict is chronic
Groups in conflict tend to allow each other to commit certain infractions
Groups committing deviant acts tend not to reveal them to the public
How are people allowed to steal? Example – Routine theft in industrial organizations
It is not actually a system of theft, but an unofficial system of rewards where no legitimate reward system exists
Rules are not enforced because competing power groups — management and workers — find it mutually advantageous to ignore infractions
In Roy’s study of a machine shop, why were rule infractions ignored? In competing partners (tool-crib attendants and machinists) were part of a system in which there was a balance of power and interest
The rule was inefficient
What happens when there are several competing groups involved? Accommodation and compromise are more difficult
Conflict tends to be more open and unresolved
Access to communication channels becomes an important variable
When does a grand jury become a “ runaway” grand jury? When a corrupted prosecutor hides something one too many times
When an anti-corruption drive takes place, exposing infractions to the public that would have been kept hidden before
When the system of compromise that characterizes the relationship breaks down
What are the social mechanisms through which enterprise provokes rule enforcement? Personal interest generates enterprise
Publicity
Character of the organization lends itself to enforcement
Fundamental agreement about the rule increases likelihood of enforcement
Natural History vs HistoryNATURAL HISTORY deals with what is typical of a class of events, while HISTORY deals with how events are different
Regularity rather than idiosyncrasy
To what other area of social life can the legal model be applied? Development and enforcement of informally constituted rulesWhata re the basic elements of Talcott Parsons’ definition of valuesElements of a shared symbolic system
Serves as a criterion or standard for selection among alternatives of orientation
In an intrinsically open situation
Why are values poor guides to action? Tell which of several alternative lines of action would be preferable, all things being equal – but all things are seldom equal
i. e. too ambiguous to direct us to a specific line of action
We can hold conflicting values without being aware of it
We often don’t figure it out until we can’t make a decision in a moment of crisis
What happens when conflict of values is encoded in legislation? Begin judicial procedures to resolve conflictWhat is the relationship between values and rules? Values provide major premise from which specific rules are deducedWhen do people shape values into specific rules? In problematic situationsWhat are the stated elements of a rule that is framed to be consistent with a value? Which actions are approved, which are forbidden
Situations to which rules are applicable
Sanctions attached to breaking it
What are the ideal features of a specific rule? carefully drawn
many layers of judicial interpretation
unambiguous
What are the sources of inconsistency in rule-making? Different rules may be deduced from the same value
Rules will only be deduced from values of specific situations that prompt people to do so
A specific rule might conflict with another one deduced from the same value
How do we prevent specific rules from infringing on valuesFence them in with qualifications and exceptionsHow do rules embodied in legislation generally differ from customary rules? Tend to be more precise and unambiguousIn the natural history of a rule, what happens after it is deduced from a value? It has to actualize in particular acts of enforcementWhat kinds of differences organize selectivity of enforcement? Kinds of people
Different times
Different situations
What rules do not have their basis in values? Technical rules that resolve conflicts between other and earlier rules.
Rules that attempt to regularize the workings of complex institutions
Some rules are invented to justify acts
So if there are exceptions to the natural history of rules, how do we know where it is relevant? Do empirical research on various kinds of rules in various kinds of situations. Where does the natural history of rules start? With the entrepreneur who makes it his/her business to see that the rules are deducedHow does Becker begin to account for the fact that only 16 states passed laws prohibiting marijuana in 1930 but that federal legislation taxing marijuana, designed to stamp out the use of the drug was passed in 1937? Look at the sociolegal context – how similar substances (alcohol/opium) had been treated in US lawWhat three values provided legitimacy for attempts to prevent the use of intoxicants and narcotics? Protestant Ethic – idea of never losing control of yourself
Pragmatism/Utilitarianism – against ecstasy pursued for its own sake
Humanitarianism – make it impossible for people to give in to their weakness
Prior to 1937, which specific rules had been deduced from Protestant Ethic, pragmatism and utilitarianism, humanitarianism? 18th Amendment and Volstead Act forbidding importation of alcoholic beverages into the US and manufacture within the US
Harrison Act punished use of opiates for all but medical purposes
How was the Harrison Act fenced in to protect legitimate interests? Medical exception for morphine and other opiate derivaties for relief of pain
Protection of police powers in certain states by presenting the law as a revenue measure, taxing only unlicensed purveyors at an exorbitant rate
What was the basic contradiction encoded in, and manifested by, the Harrison Act? Police measure presented as a revenue measure
Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established in the Treasury Department
Although it was quite logical to extend the bans on alcohol and opium to marijuana, how did reality present difficulties? Relatively lax enforcement of already existing laws against marijuana use
Police didn’t think marijuana use was a pressing problem – a fact supported by its low price
What were most probably the motives that led to the Bureau of Narcotics to take the role of entrepreneur in the marijuana issue? Perceived an area of wrongdoing that belonged in their jurisdiction and moved to put it thereIn which modes of action did the Bureau engage? Cooperating in development of state legislation
Providing facts and figures for journalistic accounts of the problem
Cooperated with the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, stressing the need to control marijuana use
How did the Bureau pressure state authorities to enter into its “ war” against marijuana? AKA Indian Hemp, the ‘ lethal’ weed
Hinted that Federal intervention might otherwise be necessary
Aroused the public thought “ educational” campaigns in multiple popular media outlets
Promulgated “ atrocity” stories (ax murderer)
Pushed for uniform state laws
What values did the Bureau refer to legitimize its campaign? Self control
Search for illicit pleasure
The same two values they used in push for prohibiting alcohol and opiates
When the Bureau subsequently presented a draft of the marijuana Tax Act to the House Ways and Means Committee of Congress, to which legitimate business interests did they assure accommodation? Industrial, medical, scientific use
Excluding the mature stalks in the definition of “ marijuana”
Which industry was not fully exempted from the law? The paint and varnish industry, which used the seeds. THe seeds contain active compoundsHow else was the medical profession and pharmaceutical industry reassured? They would have no problem because they rarely prescribed the drug and it would thus cause no hardshipThe Committee was ready to “ do what was necessary” and asked why this law had not been proposed before. How did the Bureau answer? Only become a menace in last few years
Many crimes committee under its influence (the ax-murderer)
Low prices made it available to everyone
What compromise was made with the birdseed industry? They could use sterilized seedsMarijuana smokers become a new class of outsiders as a result of the law. How were they represented? They had no representation or legitimate grounds for attack and did not apear in the public recordWhy is this case an example of “ moral enterprise”? The Bureau used its enterprise to create “ a new fragment of the moral constitution of society, its code of right and wrongWhat basic parameters can we expect to find wherever rules are created? Enlisting support from coordinate groups
Use of available media of communication to fashion a favorable climate of opinion
What basic parameters of enforcement processes can we expecf to find whenever rules are applied? Shaped by complexity of the organization
Rest on the basis of shared understanding in simpler groups
Results from political maneuvering and bargaining in complex structures
What are the characteristics of the “ crusading reformer,” the prototype of the rule creatorInterested in the content of rules
Operates with absolute ethic
Typically believe that their mission is holy
Believes that if people do what is right, it will be good for them (humanitarianism)
Tend to link various concerns
Dominated by those in the upper levels of social structure
How does the class position of moral crusaders affect their mission? They use their social power to bolster the legitimacy of their moral positionIf moral crusaders are moral, why are they willing to enlist support from others whose motives are less pure? Care more about ends than means
Rely on expert advice to draw up acceptable legislation
What are the three customary elements of sexual psychopath laws, based on Sutherlands researchCommonly enacted after a few serious crimes are committed in quick succession arouse fear
Agitated activity of the community in response to fear
Appointment of a committee
At what point int he process does a community usually turn to a professional group for assistance? May play a role in the committee
For help in drawing up legislation
What consequences result when moral crusaders seek the advice of professional groups? Unforeseen consequences related to the interest group of professionals
e. g. psychiatrists in sexual predator laws
What may happen to the moral crusader when the person or organization is successful? He/It may be out of a job
He/It may become a professional discoverer of wrongs to be righted
What may happen when crusades are unsuccessful? He/It may give up the mission
He/It may adhere to an increasingly less popular mission – becoming outsiders themselves
Class dynamics may shifte. g. upper to lower-middle class of Prohibition movement
What is the final outcome of a successful moral crusade? A police forcee. g. Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Institutionalization
In which aspect of a rule is a police officer most invested? Not the content, but the fact that it is his job to enforce it
The rule provides him with a job
Between which two contradictory claims must law enforcement oscillate? Attempts at enforcement are effective and worthwhile
The problem is worse than ever, requiring new and increased effort
Why is respect so important for law enforcers? They tend to be pessimistic about human nature
Without respect, there is fear that job security will be lost
What are two common means someone may be labeled deviant? Rule breaking
Showing disrespect to enforcers
Why must professional rule enforcers have a great deal of discretion? Can’t tackle everything at once, so they have priorities and bases for making decisionsWhy are professionals thieves in big cities much less likely to be caught, convicted and labeled deviant than other amateurs? The “ fixer” system(political influence, know-how, and a professional “ fixer”)What actions lead to a person who commits a deviant act to be formally charged with deviance? Whether the enforcement officials feel that at this time he make some show of doing his job in order to justify his position
Whether the misbehavior shows proper deference to the enforcer
Whether the “ fix” has been put in
Where the kind of act committed stands on the enforcer’s list of priorities
What is the relationship of enterprise and harm in the natural history of rules? Both are necessary for a rule to formWhy is it necessary to study the discovery, identification, apprehension and conviction of rule breakers in order to understand deviance? Because deviant behavior is a product of both the rule-breaker and the rule-enforcer
This process of interaction that creates deviance can be discovered in these kinds of events
