Alphabet. (country, names, etc.) and terms, the

Alphabet.

The Japanese writing systemis very complicated. It uses three basic writing systems: kanji (Chinesecharacters), hiragana (or “ flat alphabet”, which consists of 48characters, each of which denotes a single moore, and is used to record particles, suffixes, after the root parts of the word, phonetic tips for kanji (furigans), aswell as preschool literature) and katakana (or “ scarlet alphabet” used today it is mainly for the recording of borrowed words of European origin, foreign languages, own names (country, names, etc.) and terms, the equivalentsof which are not in Japanese). Modern Japanese also uses Latin in advertisingfor company names and neologisms, such as a DVD.

Themodern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters (eachhaving an uppercase and a lowercase form) – exactly the same letters that arefound in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Traditionally, Japanese writeor print from top to bottom and from right to left. So the book begins” from the last page”. Modern Japanese can be written or printed onthe page in the same way as the English language.

Despite these differences, Japanese learners of English are rarely special difficulties with the Englishform of writing. Latin font (and English in particular) meets most of theJapanese in their everyday life from an early age. They also widely use” romaji” (representation of the entire Japanese system of letters in Latin, for example, to enter words using a computer keyboard or to help non-nativespeakers to learn Japanese). But despite such a close relationship, thedifferences between language systems remain more than significant. Dictionary structure. A largenumber of English words are used in Japanese language. This can help somelearners of the language learn English more quickly vocabulary A large amountof borrowing is also a positive factor. There is a Gairaigo (???) that is Japanese for” loan word” or “ borrowed word”, and indicates atransliteration (or “ transvocalization”) into Japanese.

Inparticular, the word usually refers to a Japanese word of foreign origin thatwas not borrowed in ancient times from Old or Middle Chinese, but in moderntimes, primarily from English or from other European languages. These areprimarily written in the katakana phonetic script. Most, but not all, modern gairaigoare derived from English, particularly in the post-World War II era (after1945). Words are taken from English for concepts that do not exist in Japanese, but also for other reasons, such as a preference for English terms or fashionability– many gairaigo have Japanese synonyms.

The English words that are borrowed into Japanese include many of themost useful English words, including high-frequency vocabulary and academicvocabulary. Thus gairaigo may constitute a useful built-in lexiconfor Japanese learners of English. Gairaigo have beenobserved to aid a Japanese child’s learning of ESL vocabulary. Withadults, gairaigo assist in English-word aural recognition andpronunciation, spelling, listening comprehension, retention of spoken andwritten English, and recognition and recall at especially higher levels ofvocabulary. Moreover, in their written production, students of Japanese preferusing English words that have become gairaigo to those that havenot. Some gairaigo words have beenreborrowed into their original source languages, particularly in the jargon offans of Japanese entertainment. For example, anime (???) is gairaigo derived from the English word for “ animation”, but has been reborrowed by English with the meaning of “ Japaneseanimation”.

Similarly, puroresu (????) derives from “ professional wrestling”, and has been adoptedby English-speaking wrestling fans as a term for the style of pro wrestlingperformed in Japan. Kosupure (????), or cosplay, was formed from the English words “ costumeplay”, referring to dressing in costumes such as those of anime, manga, orvideogame characters, and is now used with enthusiasm in English and otherlanguages (also using Western cartoon realms). Noun suffixes. There are several namesuffixes added after the Japanese nameslanguage.-San is acommon suffix that is added after the name. It’s a term of courtesy. Thissuffix you can compare with ms.

or Mr. in English, but it is gender-neutral anddoes not distinguish marital status. -San can never be used after its own name.-Sama is amore respectful form of the suffix -san. Often you can hear it in the wordsokayaku-sama honorable visitor / visitor, or kami-sama (appeal to god).-Chan is adiminutive form from -san. Usually it is used after the names of relatives children, or younger family members.

It also fits after the names of pets.-Kun is acasual suffix. It is used to level, in random situations. In schools, this suffix is ?? often used in relation to boys. In office situations with thehelp of this suffix, the higher rank are addressed to subordinates. Manydifficulties for Japanese learners of English exist not only on the basis of mostlinguistic features, but also due to differences in cultures.

Communication oftwo people in Japan has a strong influence on such aspects as age, gender andposition in society. The Japanese as a rule, do not show excessiveself-confidence and seek to avoid inconvenience for yourself and yourcompanion. There are manyother small variations between Japanese and English that can prevent the normalreproduction of English. An example is the system pronouns Relative pronouns donot exist in Japanese, and personal / possessive pronouns are used differently intwo languages.

The result is the following errors: new in school teacher (= theteacher who is new to the school) or He took off the glasses and brushed hair. Metaphors. Metaphor is an expressionthat transmits a sign of one subject or phenomenon for a description ofanother. To some extent, we can say that the metaphor violates our notion aboutsemantic laws to convey an idea or to describe a phenomenon clearly. Metaphorscan be found in all genres and styles, in texts of different directions, aswell in written and spoken language.

By origin, metaphors can be called” alive”, which occupy such a place in the language- sources that canbe translated verbatim. Unfortunately, this does not work in all cases since metaphorsoften have a certain subtlety of sound that is not transmitted properly mannerin verbatim translation. Lexical metaphors can beconventionally called half “ alive”, half “ dead”.

They areconsidered metaphors, but so firmly rooted in the language that they losttheirs novelty and freshness. They are called lexical, since they have becomefull linguistic components of the linguistic repertoire of all native speakers. Here are some examples lexical metaphors in japanese language and peculiaritiesof their translation: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?.( Neko no temo karitai hodoisogashii.)Such is busy, ready to evenborrow cat paws (sub-order translation) -“ I am very busy”(have my hands full).

???????????????(Kamisama ni deatte kara ashiwo waratta.)After a meeting with God, Iwashed my legs (sublime translation) – “ After discovering a religion, hebroke off with a criminal past (chose the right way (“ followed the right way”)). Since many metaphors do nothave an analogue in the language of translation, verbatim translation rarely isa good choice. In the translation, much depends on the goals pursued translator: either the choice of an exact translation approach, close to the source, or thepurpose – functional translation.

Each time they encountercultures, interact and borrow something one at a time. So it happens in Englishand Japanese. Every language borrowed in the other In the case of English, there is a long list of borrowings. Some of them do not have any direct Englishequivalent and describe the inalienable Japanese concepts. Others came from Japanesethrough Chinese language Here are some examples from different ages: ·       17th century: sake – rice wine; Shohun – until 1867 the ruler in Japan; soybeans – beans; sauce.·       18th century: ginkgo – from Chinese ‘ silver apricot’; tree; kan – japanese alphabet the maincomponents of which are hiragana and katakana; koi – the local name of theordinary carp in japan Samurai is a member of the military caste of theJapanese feudal system.·       19th century: banzai – ten thousand years; a challenge that glorified the emperor in thebattle; bushido – in the feudal Japan, the samurai code; Seppuku -Japanese Settsu-fuku pronunciation, harakiri.

·       20th century: bonsai – a Japanese potted plant or small tree, deliberately dwarfed; karate – ‘ Emptyhand’; Japanese martial arts system; origami – (from ori ‘ bend’ + kami ‘ paper’)- Japanese art bends paper in the form of bizarre figures. The group of Britishborrowings in Japanese is more significant. As a result of the economic, political and cultural influence of Britain and the United States and theemergence English as an international multilingual language absorbs borrowedfrom English the language of the word, especially during the twentieth century. The Japanese language contains thousands of such borrowings, many of which arein universal use. Almost all borrowed words are now written in Japan in thephonetic alphabet of katakana. Existence of a special phonetic font forrecording foreign words provides an opportunity to absorb any foreign word intothe Japanese linguistic system, even on a temporary basis.

Borrowed words thatare part of the everyday Japanese language are opened to the additionallinguistic changes that are described below. Phonological changes. The Japanesesound system is based on almost 100 stores. In addition to clean vowels (a, i, u, e and o), as well as the sound ‘ n’, all the rest are loud and consonant. Borrowingsadapt to this system.

Consonant clusters in English (except for those beginningwith ‘ n’) are broken loud, as in the word tekunosutoresu (technostress), andthe English borrowings ending in a consonant, with the exception of ‘ n’, arefinally added loud, as in the word beddo (bed). Some vowels that do not existin Japanese are replaced the nearest equivalent; For example, ‘ th’ is usually represented by ‘ s’ or’z’. Examples phonological changes in English consonants are shown in the table below: Sound Change           English                      JapaneseTi – chi                       ticket                           chikettoji – di                           radio                               rajioth – s                            thrill                               surirusi – shi                         taxi                                takushizi – ji                         limousine                       rimujinfo – ho                       headphone                    heddohonv – b                             van                                 banHowever, the most significantin the development of modern Japanese language has become general and official(1980s) the introduction of new syllables created specifically to allow thepronunciation of foreign words origin as close as possible to their original sound.

Most of these words became spread only over the past few years and thereforeespecially influences writing and pronunciation of words that appeared in thelanguage recently. Some are rarely used. Examples borrowed words containingthese warehouses are listed in the table below (the items are marked). English                           Japaneseteacup                              tikappudisk                                  disukuchain                                cheinfax                                    fakkusuNew combinations of wordsThere are many uniquecombinations of English words. These neologisms are known in Japanese language like wasei eigo (english that becamejapanese).

Borrowing Origin Meaning pureigaido play + guide ticket office wanpisu one + piece   dress   opun ka   open + car   convertible pepa tesuto   paper + test   written test   oda sutoppu   order + stop   last orders   hai sensu   high + sense   good taste in fashion   chiku dansu cheek + dance slow dance  Many words borrowed from thebasic English vocabulary are observed only in composites phrases, their respective Japanese word is used to represent an independentmeaning words Examples are parts of the word derived from English words man, woman, boy, girl, baby car, home, air, tree, sun, food, etc. Examples of words that unite thesebasic components: sarariman (salary for me), kyariauman (career woman), boyfriend, elevator girl, baby bed = cot, eukon (air conditioner), featuringtsurii (Christmas tree), sangooru (sunglasses) and fuato fudo (fast food). The borrowed word fudo, forexample, is never used in itself in its main meaning – food.

Semantic changes. Borrowedwords inevitably become specific to the culture values. It would be difficultto find a borrowed word that would preserve the same meaning or context use, aswell as the word of original origin. Even such a direct borrowing, for example, konpyutaa (computer) has a different context because computers in Japan have bilingualromaji/katakana keyboard and operating system in Japanese.