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1. 題庫 所有244é�“ Issue題目的 寫 作æ��綱 GRE寫 作Issueå•�題題庫 分æž�與æ��綱 第一類 社會 2. ” Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society.” 歸根çµ�底，競爭å°�於社會是利多弊少 。 Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society. 1. Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society. 2. In democratic countries, when parties and candidates compete for power, the public benefits. 3. Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control of mores and laws, society will suffer. 競爭å°�於社會的 å„ ªé» žå’Œç¼ºé» ž —————————— 3. ” It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.” 與其花錢進行å�¯èƒ½æœ‰åŠ©æ–¼å¾Œä»£çš„ 長期性研 究，還 ä¸�如 把錢花在迫 在眉ç�« ，已經 存在的 社會å•�題上。 Humanity should take into account both long-term interests and short-term interests when making budgets. 1. Naturally, each generation is most concerned about solving problems that immediately confront them. 2. However, what differentiates human beings from other animals is that humans have a sense of future and are morally responsible for the well-being of their descendents. 3. Therefore, as beneficiaries of previous generations, each generation should make its own contribution for the well-being of future generations. 當務之急和百年大計的 關係 —————————— 9. ” Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars’ ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.” è¿‘ 些年來，學科 已經 細化到了相當的 程度以至於學者們 çš„ ç�†å¿µå�ªå½±éŸ¿å°�範 åœ�çš„ 人群。 除é�žå­¸è€…們 能æ“�有影響到大範 åœ�çš„ 人群，å�¦å‰‡ä»–們 çš„ ç�†å¿µå°‡å¹¾ä¹Žæ¯« 無用處。 The speaker oversimplifies the issue of academic influence on society. 1. It is true that academic disciplines have become so specialized nowadays that some scholar’s seemingly idiosyncratic ideas only reach a narrow audience. 2. It is also true that social scientists’ failing to reach the large public makes it impossible for their ideas to contribute to society. 3. Nevertheless, scholars in certain realms are doomed to live in an isolated and purely academic world, which does not necessarily mean that their ideas will have little use. é�Žåˆ†å°ˆæ¥­åŒ–å•�é¡Œ overspecialization —————————— 15. ” The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior.” 一個社會的 穩定å�–決於該社會å°�人們 æ¥µç«¯è¡Œç‚ ºæ‰€ä½œå‡ºçš„ å��應。 It is true that how a society copes with the extremes of human behavior largely determines the society’s stability. 1. The extremes of human behavior–such as violence or strikes–usually dictate grave social troubles. 2. One solution to these social problems is suppressing, which proves effective in the short run and counterproductive in the long run. 3. The most effective way of responding to such problems is constructive communication and sometimes compromise. 抽象型題目 —————————— 16. ” Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.” 儘管許多人èª�ç‚ ºç�¾ä»£ç” Ÿæ´» çš„ 奢è�¯å’Œä¾¿åˆ©æ˜¯çµ²æ¯« 沒有壞處的 ，但是這實際上讓 人們 無法æˆ�ç‚ ºçœŸæ­£å¼·å¤§å’Œç�¨ç«‹çš„ 個體 。 Agree 1. Consider first the effect of the automobile on our independence as individuals. In some respects the automobile serves to enhance such independence. 2. However, we have become slaves to the automobile. 3. Consider next the overall impact of the automobile on our strength as individuals, by which I mean strength of character, or mettle. 4. In contrast, there is certain strength of character that comes with eschewing modern conveniences such as cars, and with the knowledge that one is contributing to a cleaner and quieter environment, a safer neighborhood, and arguably a more genteel society.   社會和個人之發展å•�é¡Œ —————————— 17. ” There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.” 有兩種法律：公正的 å’Œä¸�公正的 。 æ¯�個社會æˆ�員都有責任 é�µå®ˆå…¬æ­£çš„ 法律，但是更é‡�è¦�çš„ 是，更應該ä¸�é�µå®ˆå’Œå��抗ä¸�公正的 法律。  Disagree: 1. First, whether a law is just or unjust is rarely a straightforward issue. The fairness of any law depends on one’s personal value system. 2. The fairness of a law also depends on one’s personal interest, or stake, in the legal issue at hand. 3. Disobeying unjust laws often has the opposite effect of what was intended or hoped for. 4. By justifying a violation of one sort of law we find ourselves on a slippery slope toward sanctioning all types of illegal behavior, including egregious criminal conduct. 社會和個人之法律公正麼？ —————————— 19. ” If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.” 如 果一個社會è¦�ç¹�榮就必須將社會整體 çš„ æˆ�敗置於單個社會æˆ�å“¡çš„ 幸ç¦�之上。 Disagree 1. The society is made up of individual citizens; therefore, the development of individual citizens is crucial for the development of the whole society. 2. A society that ignores the well being of individual citizens is bound to end up in social turmoil or revolution. å°‘ 數和多數之æˆ�功 —————————— 20. ” National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults.” ä»» 何一個國家的 æ”¿åºœéƒ½æ‡‰è©²ç‚ ºå­©å­�而ä¸�æ˜¯ç‚ ºæˆ�äººå» ºè¨­æ›´å¤šçš„ 社會專案和æœ�務。 1. No one would deny the fact that it is in the young generation that lies the future of our society. 2. Therefore, we should attach enough importance to the development of children. 3. However, this does not mean that we can ignore the interests of adults, who make up the major work force of our society. å­©å­�å’Œæˆ�äººä¹‹ç¤¾æœƒå» ºè¨­ —————————— 22. ” Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals.” 很多人èª�ç‚ ºå�ªæ˜¯ä¸€äº›å€‹äººæˆ–者å°�團體 （比 如 家庭ã€�朋å�‹ã€�è€�師 ã€�å��人）促æˆ�了他們 çš„ æ€�維和行動。 其實一直以來ä¸�æ˜¯ä¸€äº›å€‹äººè€Œæ˜¯ç¤¾æœƒä½œç‚ ºä¸€å€‹æ•´é«” 在定義我 們 和我 們 çš„ 態度。 1. Individuals and small groups also change our attitudes and minds to a large extent. 2. Everyone influencing us is also influenced the society. 3. Internet is playing an ever more significant role in influencing people’s attitude and values. å°‘ æ•¸å’Œå¤šæ•¸ä¹‹å®šç¾©äººç” Ÿ —————————— 23. ” Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.” ç�¾ä»£æŠ€è¡“ 使ç�²å¾—大é‡�細節資訊æˆ�ç‚ ºå�¯èƒ½ã€‚ å…¶çµ�果是人們 全神貫 注於七零八 碎的 資訊而很少 去 注æ„�更大的 å•�題和全局。 1. Access to great deal of information help people get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts. 2. Technology helps us pay more attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives. 3. To prevent preoccupation by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information, not to assimilate all, but to percolate relevant ones from those needing only a glance. å°‘ 數和多數之細節資訊 —————————— 29. ” Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy.” åƒ�æ¼” å“¡ã€�政治 家和é�‹å‹•å“¡é€™æ¨£çš„ 公眾人物應該é �料到大眾會å°�他們 çš„ ç§�ç” Ÿæ´» æ„ Ÿèˆˆè¶£ã€‚ 當他們 希望å�—人矚目的 時 候就應該至少 é �期到會失去 一些隱ç§�（被 大眾得知一些隱ç§�）。 Agree: 1. Intense media attention to the lives of public figures raises a presumption in the collective mind of the viewing or reading public that our public figures’ lives are far more interesting than our own. 2. The media consist of large corporations whose chief objective is to maximize shareholder profit. In pursuit of that objective, the media are simply giving the public what they demand–a voyeuristic look into the private lives of public figures. 3. Nevertheless, the statement should be qualified in that a political figure has reason to expect privacy than other public figures. å°‘ 數和多數之公眾人物的 éš±ç§� —————————— 33. ” Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image.” 在當代社會，打 造一個引人入å‹�çš„ 外表已經 變得比 外表下的 內容更加é‡�è¦�了。 I agree that image has become a more central concern, at least where short-term business or political success is at stake. Nevertheless, I think that in the longer term image ultimately yields to substance and fact. 1. The important role of image is particularly evident in the business world. 2. The growing significance of image is also evident in the political realm, particularly when it comes to presidential politics. 3. In the long terms, however, the significance of image wanes considerably. 外表和內容 —————————— 36. ” The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.” 一個人是å�¦å�‰å¤§æ˜¯ç”±å¾Œäººè©•å®šçš„ 而é�žä»–å�Œæ™‚ 代的 人。 1. è´Šå�Œ–å�‰å¤§çš„ æˆ�就需è¦�由後人來評斷 2. 一個æˆ�å°±å�‰å¤§èˆ‡å�¦ï¼Œæ˜¯éœ€è¦�時 é–“ 來證明的 。 3. 一些個人的 æˆ�就會å�—到當代當權者的 影響，而使æˆ�å°±ä¸�能被 當代人所èª�å�Œã€‚ 4. 例如 æ€�想ã€�教育等ä¸�能å�Šæ™‚ ç”¢ç” Ÿæ•ˆæžœçš„ 事項，æˆ�就與å�¦éœ€è¦�後代人的 評論。 1. We do not require a rear-view mirror to recognize artistic greatness– whether in music, visual arts, or literature. The reason for this is simple: art can be judged at face value. 2. In contrast, in the sciences it is difficult to identify greatness without the benefit of historical perspective. 3. In the realm of business, in some cases great achievement is recognizable immediately, while in other cases it is not. 時 é–“ 先後 —————————— 40. ” Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.” 我 們 ä¸�應該僅僅關注學者和研 究者的 著作能å�¦å°�社會å�šå‡ºè²¢ç�» 。 æ›´é‡�è¦�çš„ 是關注他們 如 何追求 實ç�¾è‡ªå·±çš„ 興趣，無論那些興趣顯得是多麼的 é�žå�Œå°‹å¸¸ã€‚ Agree: 1. Who is to decide which areas of academic inquiry are worthwhile? Scholars cannot be left to decide; nor can regulators and legislators. 2. Secondly, by human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. 3. Thirdly, it is “ idiosyncratic” and “unusual” avenues of inquiry that lead to greatest contributions to society. å°‘ 數和多數之科 學家 —————————— 41. ” Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.” ç ” 究界的 一些é�žä¸» æµ�領域，比 如 星象學ã€�å� å�œè¡“ å’Œæ„�念å�Šè¶…自然探索，在社會中起到了很é‡�è¦�çš„ ä½œç”¨ï¼Œå› ç‚ ºå®ƒå€‘ 滿足了人們 無法從主 æµ�科 å­¸ç�²å¾—çš„ 需求 。 1. Admittedly, these non-mainstream areas of inquiry address certain human needs, which mainstream science and other areas of intellectual inquiry inherently cannot. 2. However, because these pursuits are not rooted in reason, they are favorite pastimes of charlatans and others who seek to prey on dupes. 3. Furthermore, without any sure way to evaluate the legitimacy of these avenues of inquiry, participants become vulnerable to self-deception, false hopes, fantastic ideas and even delusions. å°‘ 數和多數之é�žä¸» æµ�學科 —————————— 46. ” While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation.” 政府ã€�é«” 育界ã€�工業界和其他領域中的 一些領導者將他們 çš„ æˆ�功歸因於一種高度的 競爭æ„�識，然而一個社會還 是應該更好的 ç‚ ºé‚£äº›å�³å°‡æˆ�ç‚ ºé ˜å°Žè€…çš„ 年輕人ç�Œè¼¸ä¸€ç¨®å�ˆä½œçš„ æ„�識。 Agree 1. The chief reason why we should stress cooperation in nurturing young people today is that, as tomorrow’s leaders, they will face pressing societal problems that simply cannot be solved apart from cooperative international efforts. 2. The second compelling reason for instilling in young people a sense of cooperation over competition is that effective leadership depends less on the latter than the former. 3. A third reason why instilling a sense of cooperation is to be preferred over instilling a sense of competition is that the latter serves to narrow a leader’s focus on thwarting the efforts of competitors. —————————— 47. ” Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect–that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills.” 社會å°�æ–¼ç�†æ€§é‚„ 是é‡�視ä¸�夠，比 如 推ç�†å’Œèª�知的 能力。 While the speaker might overlook the benefits of nurturing certain emotions and feelings, on balance I agree that it is by way of our heads rather than our hearts that we can best ensure the well-being of our society. 1. I concede that undue emphasis on cultivating the intellect at the expense of healthy emotions can harm and individual psychologically. 2. In many other respects, however, emphasizing emotions and de-emphasizing intellect can carry negative, even dangerous, consequences for any society. 3. The dangers of a de-emphasis on intellect are all too evident in contemporary America. ç�¨ç«‹é¡Œç›® —————————— 58. ” The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.” ç�¾ä»£ç” Ÿæ´» 越來越快 çš„ 節å¥�弊多利少 。 Agree 1. The rapid pace of life has resulted in health problems in unprecedented large numbers. 2. Although people today have more leisure time, they are not in a better position than their ancestors to enjoy themselves. 3. More unfortunately, people seem to have become addicted to the rapid pace of modern life. 利多弊少 題型 —————————— 61. ” High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition.” 最高榮譽比 如 諾è²�爾ç�Žå¯¦éš›ä¸Šæ˜¯åœ¨æ��å®³ç¤¾æœƒï¼Œå› ç‚ ºé€™ç¨®ç�Žé …在暗示å�ªæœ‰å°‘ 數人æ‰�é…�得上這樣的 榮譽。 The fact that only a few people deserve high-profile awards is insufficient evidence to suggest that such awards are damaging to society. 1. Undoubtedly, high-profile awards suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition. 2. What is significant is that high-profile awards point out the right directions in which all individuals in particular fields should make efforts. 3. To make sure that high-profile awards serve the right purpose of society, it is imperative that the rules of the awards be fair and strictly adhered to. å°‘ 數和多數，精英和大眾 —————————– 65. ” People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups.” 人們 被 社會鼓 勵而將注æ„�力集中於顯而易 見的 差異上，以至於人們 已經 無法看到å�„ 種ç�†å¿µã€�個人和群體 之間 çš„ 有æ„�義的 相似。 People in different cultural environments would respond differently to this statement. 1. On the one hand, western cultures tend to focus on differences among ideas, individuals and groups. 2. The danger of traditional societies, on the other hand, is to ignore differences forcing individuals and groups to conform to one authority. 3. A healthy attitude is to be sensitive to both differences and similarities. 統一和差異 ——————————  70. ” In any profession–business, politics, education, government–those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.” 在任 何領域中—-商業ã€�政治 ã€�教育ã€�政府—-掌權者應該在五 年後就讓 ä½�。 這是任 何機構ç�²å¾—æˆ�功的 最好的 æ–¹å¼�：通é�Žæ›´æ–°é ˜å°Žè€…而ä¿�æŒ�æ´» 力。 Limiting the term of leadership is an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives. 1. When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power. 2. A new leadership usually has greater initiative and would bring in new ideas. 3. However, in certain realms such as business it might not be so necessary to limit the term of leadership. 4. Furthermore, new leaders often lack the necessary skill and experience to cope with existing problems; therefore, they need a period of time for adaptation. 新手和è€�手 —————————— 72. ” One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities.” 人們 å�¯ä»¥é€šé�Žç ” 究一個社會的 主 è¦�城市 來瞭解它最é‡�è¦�çš„ ç‰¹é» žã€‚ It is no longer true the major cities are characteristic of a society. 1. Major cities used to be the cultural centers of a society. 2. Nowadays, however, due to the influence of globalization, major cities throughout the world look more or less the same. 3. By contrast, the rural areas of a society maintain more of its cultural tradition. å°‘ 數和多數之以å°�見大 —————————— 76. ” Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society.” 真正深刻 çš„ æ€�想家和充滿創造力的 è—�è¡“ 家總是超å‰�于他們 所在的 時 代和社會的 。 To be more exact, great thinkers and artists are generally out of step with their time and society. 1. Many great artists remained obscure all their lives. 2. There are countless examples of original thinkers who were either ignored or misunderstood by their time and their society. 3. However, there are cases of greater thinkers or artists who were recognized and rocketed to instant fame in their own time and their own society. å�¦é¡žå¤©æ‰� —————————— 77. ” People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole.” ç�¾åœ¨çš„ 人們 太個人主 義了。 與其追求 ä»¥å€‹äººç‚ ºä¸­å¿ƒå’Œå­¤ç«‹çš„ 目標，人們 更需è¦�明白滿足是æº�æ–¼ç‚ ºå®¶åº­ã€�社å�€æˆ–者整個社會的 更大利益的 æœ�務。 Extreme individualism has become a serious threat to the social fabric and the welfare of all members of society. 1. Some people may claim that the greater good of the family, the community or society lies in the good of the individual, which justifies the pursuit of self-interests. 2. The problem daunting contemporary society is that egoism as run wild. 3. Today there is every need for the society to encourage individuals to work for the interests of others. å°‘ 數和多數 —————————— 89. ” Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them.” 領導者主 è¦�是由身 è² çš„ 責任 所造就的 。 Generally speaking, leaders are the results of a combination of internal qualities and external conditions. 1. The demands place upon a person could challenge him or her to become a leader. 2. However, the statement seems to suggest that anybody can become a leader if demands are placed on him or her, which is unwarranted. 3. Besides opportunities, one also need to have certain qualities to make a leader. 時 勢造英雄 —————————— 93. ” The concept of ‘individual responsibility’ is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people’s behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.” 個人責任 çš„ 概 念是一種很必è¦�çš„ 虛構。 儘管社會必須讓 個人å°�他們 自己的 è¡Œç‚ ºè² è²¬ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯äººå€‘ çš„ è¡Œç‚ ºå¾ˆå¤§ç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šä¸�是自己能夠左å�³çš„ 。 1. The claim that individual responsibility is a necessary fictions has some merit in that a society where individuals are not held accountable for their actions and choices is a lawless one, devoid of any order whatsoever. 2. A correlative argument for individual responsibility involves the fact that lawless, or anarchist, states give way to despotic rule by strong individuals who seize power. 3. As for the speaker’s second claim, it flies in the face of our everyday experiences in making choices and decisions. å°‘ 數和多數之個人責任 —————————— 113. ” It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.” 如 果我 們 è¦�定ä½�自己最é‡�è¦�是è¦�定ä½�自己所處的 社會團體 。 I strongly agree that we define ourselves primarily through our identification with social groups, as the speaker asserts. 1. Any developmental psychologist would agree that socialization with other children plays a critical role in any child’s understanding and psychological development of self. 2. As children progress to the social world of the playground and other after-school venues, their earlier recognition that they relate more closely to some people than to others evolves into a desire to form well-defined social groups, and to set these groups apart from others. 3. However, as young adults take on the responsibilities of partnering, parenting, and working, they appear to define themselves less by their social affiliations and more by their marital status, parental status, and occupation. —————————— 120. ” So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present.” ç�¾ä»£ç¤¾æœƒæ˜¯å¦‚ 此的 嶄 新和複雜以至於回首瞭解é�ŽåŽ» å°�æ–¼ç•¶ä»£ç” Ÿæ´» 已經 沒有太大幫 助了。 Even though history offers few foolproof panaceas for living today, the author’s claim that today’s world is so unique that the past is irrelevant is too radical. 1. Admittedly, history has helped us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. 2. However, the only firm lesson from history about social ills is that they are here to stay. ç�¾åœ¨å’Œé�ŽåŽ» —————————— 126. ” Society’s external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.” 社會給予的 客觀ç�Žå‹µä¸¦ä¸�能衡é‡�真正的 æˆ�功。 真正的 æˆ�功å�ªèƒ½æ˜¯å�–æ±ºæ–¼ä¸€å€‹äººç‚ ºä»–自己設定的 目標。 Success should be gauged on a personal base. 1. Society’s external rewards can only be regarded as society’s recognition of one’s contribution to society. 2. For an individual person, a correct attitude is to gauge success in relation to the goals one sets for oneself. 3. Overemphasizing the social criterion of success tends to belittle the worth of an individual. 客觀和主 觀 —————————— 133. ” The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: ‘We live in terrible times.’ Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time.” ç�¾ä»£ç¤¾æœƒçš„ å•�題是很多人都在抱怨：“ 我 們 ç” Ÿæ´» 在一個å�¯æ€•çš„ 時 代。 “但是å�‡è¨­è®“ 他們 é�¸æ“‡çš„ 話，ç�¾åœ¨çš„ 人們 ä»�然會é�¸æ“‡ç�¾åœ¨è€Œä¸�是其他的 時 代。 We live in the best time of history. 1. Firstly, our living conditions today are superior to those of any past generations. 2. Secondly, technologies have made it possible for men to work under much more comfortable working conditions today than before. 3. Most of the problems troubling us today have been troubling human beings for a long time. 時 é–“ —————————— 140. ” What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent.” 被 ç¤¾æœƒè‡ªè©¡ç‚ ºæ˜¯å®ƒæœ€å�‰å¤§çš„ 社會ã€�政治 和個人æˆ�就的 æ�±è¥¿çµ�果往往帶來最大的 é�žè­°ã€‚ Agree with concession: 1. With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments–no matter how great. 2. Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a societal level. 3. Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievement have caused discontent often depends on one’s perspective. 社會和人民 大眾 —————————— 142. ” The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.” 當很多人都質疑 權å¨�çš„ 時 候社會就會ç¹�榮昌盛。 Agree with concession: 1. Admittedly, when many people question authority, some societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy. 2. While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable but actually necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving society’s well-being. 3. Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the sciences. 4. Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off. —————————— 149. ” The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects.” ä¿�è­·é‡Žç” Ÿç’°å¢ƒæœ€å¯¦éš›å’Œæœ€æœ‰æ•ˆçš„ 途 徑 就是通é�Žç’°ä¿�çš„ （旅é�Šï¼‰é …ç›®å�¸å¼•æ›´å¤šçš„ æ—…é�Šè€…來這些地å�€ï¼ˆæ—…é�Šï¼‰ã€‚ Disagree 1. Tourists swarming to visit the environmentally sensitive projects may pose a serious threat to the wildness areas. 2. The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to leave those places to take care of themselves. ç’°ä¿�和旅é�Šçš„ 關係 —————————— 152. ” The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.” å…¬å�¸çš„ 經 營者們 唯一的 責任 就是在法律è¦�定範 åœ�ä¹‹å…§ç‚ ºä»–們 çš„ å…¬å�¸è³ºç›¡å�¯èƒ½å¤šçš„ 錢。 In several respects this position has considerable merit; yet it ignores certain compelling arguments for imposing on businesses additional obligations to the society in which they operate. 1. On the one hand are convincing arguments that profit maximization within the bounds of the law should be a business executive’s sole responsibility. First, imposing on businesses additional duties to society in which they operate can, paradoxically, harm that society. 2. Secondly, by affirming that profit maximization within legal bounds is the most ethical behavior possible for business, more private enterprises and individuals will be encouraged enter the marketplace in the quest of profits. 3. On the other hand are compelling arguments for holding business executives to certain responsibilities in addition to profit maximization and to compliance with the letter of law. —————————— -160. ” The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.” å°�於一ä½�強有力的 領導者來說，最關é�µçš„ 能力就是è¦�å°�一些原則和目標堅定ä¸�移 。 ä»» 何領導如 果很頻 ç¹�çš„ ã€�很輕易 çš„ ç‚ ºå¤§çœ¾æ„�志而轉移 çš„ 話，他將會一事無æˆ�。 In addressing the issue it is helpful to consider, in turn, three distinct forms of leadership: business, political and social-spiritual. 1. In the business realm, effective leadership is generally defined, at least in our corporate culture, as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization for a firm’s shareholders or other owners. 2. In the political realm, stubborn adherence to one’s objective in the short term might serve a political leader’s interest in preserving his or her power, yet in the long term such behavior invariably results in that leader’s downfall. 3. Socio-spiritual leadership, in order to be effective, inherently requires that the leader remain steadfastly committed to principle. å°‘ 數和多數之領導與大眾 —————————— 170. ” The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.” 一個å�‰å¤§åœ‹å®¶æœ€çœŸå¯¦çš„ é«” ç�¾ä¸�是它的 統治 者ã€�è—�è¡“ 家或者科 學家的 æˆ�就，而是他所有è€�百姓 çš„ 普通ç¦�利（幸ç¦�）。 1. Admittedly, the overriding imperative of any democratic state is to enhance the general welfare of its citizenry. Yet the speaker fails to provide a clear litmus test for measuring that welfare. 2. Many scientific achievements serve to enhance a nation’s general welfare. 3. Artistic achievement is also needed to make a nation a better place for humans overall. 4. We should also be careful not to hastily assume that a nation is necessarily great merely by virtue of the achievements of individual citizens. 社會精英和人民 大眾 the general welfare —————————— 171. ” People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good.” 能夠造ç¦�社會的 是那些純 粹出於個人原因而追求 自己興趣知識的 人，而ä¸�是那些打 ç®—ç‚ ºå¤§çœ¾è¬€ç¦�利的 人。 Agree 1. By human nature we are motivated to pursue activities in which we excel. 2. Secondly, it is unusual avenues of personal interest that most often lead to the greatest contributions to society. 3. Thirdly, to adopt a view that runs contrary to the speaker’s position would be to sanction certain intellectual pursuits while proscribing others–which smacks of thought control and political oppression. 個人和整體 之動機 —————————— 174. ” Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.” 法律ä¸�應該是僵化或固定的 ï¼Œè€Œæ‡‰è©²æ ¹æ“ šä¸�å�Œçš„ 環境ã€�時 æœŸå’Œåœ°é» žè€Œè¶³å¤ é�ˆæ´» 。 1. On the one hand, a certain measure of consistency, stability and predictability in our laws is required in order for us to understand our legal obligations and rights as we go about our day-to-day business as a society. 2. On the other hand, rigid laws can result in unfairness if applied inflexibly in all places at all times. 法律的 é�ˆæ´» 性 —————————— 178. ” It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people’s behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people’s hearts and minds.” 通é�Žæ³•å¾‹å�¯ä»¥æŽ§åˆ¶æˆ–者é™�制人們 çš„ è¡Œç‚ ºï¼Œä½†æ˜¯ç«‹æ³•æ˜¯ç„¡æ³•æ”¹è®Šäººé¡žæœ¬æ€§çš„ 。 法律無法改變人們 çš„ æ„ Ÿæƒ…å’Œæ€�想。 It is necessary to realize the limits of law when we hail “ rule by law”. 1. Common tells us that without laws, society would fall into a state of chaos. 2. However, legislation cannot reform human nature. 3. Society should depend on education to cultivate people’s hearts and minds. —————————— 180. ” Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated.” ç�¾ä»£ç¤¾æœƒçš„ 很多å•�題是法律和立法系 統無法解決的 ï¼Œå› ç‚ ºé�“ å¾·è¡Œç‚ ºæ˜¯ç„¡æ³•ç”¨æ³•å¾‹ç´„ æ�Ÿçš„ 。 I agree with this assertion insofar as it relates to constraints on certain personal freedoms. However, when it comes to the conduct of business, I think that moral behavior not only can but must be legislated for the purpose of alleviating societal problems. 1. Morality laws that impinge upon freedom of choice about our personal lives–to control what we do with and to ourselves–simply do not work in a democratic society. 2. Morality laws impinging on personal freedoms are not made any more useful or effective by purporting to serve the greater good of society, because on balance their costs far outweigh their benefits. 3. In sharp contrast to personal behavior, the behavior of businesses can and must be controlled through legislation. é�“ 德和法律 —————————— 185. ” Scandals–whether in politics, academia, or other areas–can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.” 醜è�ž—-無論是政治 ã€�學術 é‚„ 是其他領域—-å�¯èƒ½æœƒæ˜¯æœ‰ç”¨çš„ 。 醜è�žå�¯ä»¥ç”¨æ¼” 說家或者改é�©å®¶ç„¡æ³•ä½¿ç”¨çš„ 手段讓 我 們 注æ„�到æŸ�些å•�題。 1. On the one hand, scandals can sometimes serve to call our attention to pervasive social or political problems that we would otherwise neglect. 2. On the other hand, scandals can sometimes serve chiefly to distract us from more pressing community or societal problems. ——————————   193. ” It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance.” Transformation: change 真正具有長é� æ„�義的 ，ä¸�是那些被 炒作的 政治 事件，而是那些鮮有報導的 社會變化。 Agree 1. The headline-making “ sensational” political events are often superficial and short-lived. 2. The commercial interests of the mass media determine their preoccupation with the news value of events rather than the social value of events. 3. Social transformations usually take place slowly, and are hard to notice at their beginning. —————————— 198. ” Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences.” Conformity: agreement 社會應該多一些鼓 勵個人間 çš„ 差異而ä¸�是統一。 There is no doubt that society should encourage individuals to stand out to show their unique character and qualities. 1. Conformity leads to the death of creativity. 2. A society that encourages individual differences will benefit from the creations and vitality of its people. 3. “ Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called. ” (John Stuart Mill) ——————————  203. ” The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines.” çž­è§£ä¸€å€‹ç¤¾æœƒç‰¹é» žæœ€å¥½çš„ 方法是去 考察被 é€™å€‹ç¤¾æœƒè¦–ç‚ ºè‹±é›„ çš„ 人們 çš„ ç‰¹é» žã€‚ 1. First consider the sports hero, whom in my observation society chooses not merely by virtue of athletic prowess. 2. Next consider the military hero, who gains heroic stature by way of courage in battle, or by otherwise facing certain defeat and emerging victorious. 3. On the other hand, consider a third type of hero: the champion of social causes who inspires and incites society to meaningful political and social change. —————————— 220. ” The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other.” 知識的 增加促使了人們 çš„ 專業化。 å…¶çµ�果是ä¸�å�Œçš„ 專業化領域之間 çš„ 差異變得越來越大以至於å�„ 個領域中的 專業人員很少 能夠互相影響了。 Overspecialization in the academic world is liable to exert negative impacts on academic research in various fields, which makes it necessary for education to encourage interdisciplinary studies. 1. The dramatic increase in knowledge today has made it impossible for any one to keep pace with the latest developments in all academic fields. 2. As a result, specialists in different areas tend to focus only on their own area of study. 3. However, this overspecialization is harmful not only academically but also socially. 4. Schools should aim at cultivating not only specialists but also generalists. å°‘ 數和多數的 關係 之專業化 —————————— 242. ” Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.” 社會應該以ä¸�計人類的 努力ã€�時 é–“ 和金 éŒ¢ç‚ ºä»£åƒ¹ï¼Œå˜—試挽救 æ¯�一個動æ¤�物物種。 There is no need to save every plant and animal species regardless of the human costs. 1. The history of natural evolution has witnessed the extinction of some plants and animals species, which did not result in any harm to the environment. 2. Of course, if scientists can more or less prove that the extinction of a certain plant or species will cause some disastrous chain effects, we should make every effort to save it. 3. The primary responsibility of humans is to try to maintain the environment at its natural state, and then let nature do the rest job. 人類和物種 —————————— 244. ” Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them.” 大多數社會都沒把最å�‰å¤§çš„ æ€�想家當回事，雖然有時 候這些社會自稱是求 æ‰�若渴的 。 Great thinkers are often wronged or ignored in many societies. 1. Confucius is regarded as a great thinker in China, but today few people pay much attention to what he actually said. 2. John Dewey was one of the greatest thinkers in American history, but few Americans including scholars know much about him. 3. In ancient Greece, the great thinker Socrates was sentenced to death. 社會和æ€�想家 第二類 è¡Œç‚ ºé¡ž 12. ” People’s attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.” 人們 çš„ 態度更多的 是由臨時 çš„ 情æ³�或者環境所決定，而é�žäººå€‘ 自身 çš„ ç‰¹é» žã€‚ Social environment does plays a more important role in forming a person’s attitudes. 1. Admittedly, people’s inborn temperament does play an important role in their attitudes. 2. However, more often than not, people’s attitudes are largely influenced by their immediate situation or surroundings. 3. It should also be noted that external factors not only influence people’s attitudes, but also shape their characters. —————————— 18. ” Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.” å�ªæœ‰é€šé�ŽæŽ’除異議和å°�照其他的 è§€é» žä¾†æ��衛一個ç�†å¿µï¼Œäººå€‘ æ‰�能真正的 發ç�¾è©²ç�†å¿µçš„ 價值所在。 Agree 1. Different viewpoints interconnect with each other. Only after careful comparison can we reach the soul of the idea. 2. Doubts and contrasting views can provide valuable use for reverences to our learning. 3. History is replete with illustrative cases in which doubts and contrasting views contribute to the consummation of our knowledge. —————————— 21. ” Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world.” 改é�©å¹¾ä¹Žå¾žä¾†éƒ½ä¸�是由那些關心自己è�²è­½å’Œç¤¾æœƒåœ°ä½�çš„ 人發起的 。 那些真正熱衷於政府改é�©ã€�教育改é�©å’Œå…¶ä»–機構改é�©çš„ 人們 一定都是甘於被 他人輕視的 。 1. Reform means the redistribution of benefits of various levels; therefore, resist and dissatisfaction is inevitable. 2. Those who are not really in earnest about reform will retreat when facing difficulties in a reform. —————————— 25. ” Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction–in other words, to make things as simple as possible.” ä»» 何人都å�¯ä»¥æŠŠäº‹æƒ…簡單複雜化，但是需è¦�真正努力和勇氣的 æ�°æ�°ç›¸å��，也就是說應該把事情變得盡å�¯èƒ½çš„ 簡單。 1. The statement brings immediately to mind the ever-growing and increasingly complex digital world. 2. Lending even more credence to the statement is the so-called “ big government” phenomenon. 3. Adding further credibility to the statement is the tendency of most people to complicate their personal lives. 複雜和簡單 —————————— 27. ” No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.” 這個世界上沒有人能夠é� å¢¨å®ˆé™³è¦�（行動或者æ€�維上的 ）而ç�²å¾—æˆ�功。 1. Traditional ways of thinking are treasures which will prevent us from wasting time and energy on trial things. 2. However, we can create nothing if we are only confined to the conventional experience. 新手和è€�手之墨守æˆ�è¦�å’Œæˆ�功 —————————— 31. ” Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial.” 花在研 究上的 資金 基本上都是ä¸�錯的 投資，å�³ä½¿ç ” 究的 çµ�果是有爭議的 。 Disagree with concession: 1. I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side of this issue. After all, research is the exploration of the unknown for answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our endure problems. 2. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the results might be controversial, at the same time we should be circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague and whose potential benefits are too speculative. 3. No amount of research can completely solve the enduring problems of war, poverty and violence, for the reason that they stem from the certain aspects of human nature–such as aggression and greed. ç�¾å¯¦å’Œç�†æƒ³ —————————— 35. ” No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one’s beliefs than to adhere to them.” 無論在什麼樣的 情æ³�下，折衷自己的 ä¿¡ä»°è¦�比 å …æŒ�有害。 1. Having a belief is a good thing for an individual in a certain degree in the form of spiritual support. However, if the belief goes too extreme and even influences people’s life and family negatively, it is best to reconsider whether the belief worth so much persistence. 2. Choosing to compromise does not mean that we have to give up our original belief. On the contrary, we are finding a better way to perfect our belief. ä¿¡ä»° —————————— 37. ” In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.” 在大多數社會中，競爭一般是弊多利少 。 Disagree 1. Competition benefits the general public by providing people with cheaper products and better service. 2. Competition spurs innovation and invention, bringing new products and technology to multitudes. 3. Admittedly, we should notice the side effect of competition, which are shrinking profit, dishonesty, etc. 利多弊少 之競爭 —————————— 62. ” The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.” èª�ç‚ ºäººå€‘ 應該把自我 進步當å�šæ˜¯äººç” Ÿé ­ç­‰å¤§äº‹çš„ æµ�è¡Œè§€é» žæ˜¯æœ‰å•�題的 ï¼Œå› ç‚ ºé€™æ¨£çš„ è§€é» žåœ¨å�‡è¨­äººå€‘ æ˜¯å¤©ç” Ÿå°±æœ‰ç¼ºé™·çš„ 。 Disagree 1. On the one hand, admitting that we are deficient is the first step towards progress. 2. On the other hand, smugness only leads to stagnancy. 3. A serious problem with modern society is that too many people fail to realize the need for self-improvement. ç�¨ç«‹é¡Œç›® —————————— 64. ” Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it.” 很多人懂 得如 何去 ç�²å¾—æˆ�功，但是很少 有人知é�“ 如 何最好的 去 利用æˆ�功。 1.  A common characteristic of contemporary society is that people everywhere are concerned about how to attain success. 2. Success is commonly understood as material gains. 3. However, success does not ensure happiness. 4. “ Successful” people often ignore the interests and needs of other people, which renders their “ success” meaningless. Attain and sustain打 江山容易 ，ä¿�江山難 —————————— 68. ” People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be.” 人們 經 常錯誤的 猜疑 å’Œä¸�ä¿¡ä»» 專家，無論專家們 çš„ è²¢ç�» 是多麼的 有價值。 Expert’s opinions should be evaluated objectively. 1. Generally speaking, experts’ opinions are comparatively more trustworthy than ordinary people’s when it comes to solving problems that require special expertise. 2. The reality of our society is that people tend to take for granted whatever experts say. 3. It is possible that sometimes experts do make mistakes which ordinary people can correct. 懷疑 權å¨� —————————— 71. ” Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others.” 學會ç�¨è‡ªæ¶ˆç£¨æ™‚ 光會使你更好地æˆ�ç‚ ºåˆ¥äººçš„ 夥伴。 Agree 1. Admittedly, habitually isolating oneself from others does not automatically make one a better companion. 2. However, people who think and work independently will be able to bring new ideas and new perspectives to others. 3. One’s loneliness makes one crave for and cherish the opportunity to stay with others. 人際關係 之個人時 é–“ 和公眾時 é–“ —————————— 74. ” The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.” 和一大群人交æµ�想法或者價值觀的 最有效方å¼�是圖åƒ�而é�žèªžè¨€ã€‚ The use of images is not always more effective than that of language. 1. On the one hand, images are more vivid and easier for the largest audience to comprehend. 2. On the other hand, images tend to cause ambiguities. 3. The most effective way of communication is combing the use of images and that of language. ç�¨ç«‹é¡Œç›® —————————— 75. ” The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others.” å°�社會å�šå‡ºé‡�è¦�è²¢ç�» çš„ 人往往ä¸�是那些發展自己新想法的 人，而是那些最善 於察覺和調控他人天賦和技術 çš„ 人。 Generally speaking, the progress of society depends more on the contributions of leaders rather than the ordinary masses. 1. It should be admitted that individual thinkers and scientist make important contributions to society. 2. However, history is filled with examples that indicate the dramatic contributions to society made by the people who are capable of leading others toward a common goal. 3. Today, progress in every field is impossible without the joined efforts of individuals–through the coordination of leaders. —————————— 81. ” Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress.” 出於愛國å°�於一個國家的 尊崇往往ä¸�是促進進步而是阻 礙進步。  Agree 1. It should be admitted that patriotic reverence for the history of a nation is a precondition of national cohesion. 2. However, irrational reverence for national history would result in social conservatism that rejects the introduction of any social reforms. 3. Blind reverence for national history would also cause fanatic nationalism, making impossible the communication between nations and cultures. 沙文主 義 —————————— 84. ” In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.” 在任 何物質領域中，如 æžœä¸�首先接å�—該領域中é�ŽåŽ» æˆ�就的 影響就ä¸�å�¯èƒ½æœƒæœ‰æ„�義é‡�大的 æˆ�功。 Progress in any field is based on past achievements within that field. 1. In social sciences, the past achievements of a field are the rich sources of inspirations for formulating new theories in that field. 2. In natural sciences, scientists use the existing methods and equipments–the achievements of the past–to make new discoveries or inventions. 3. Even in creative fields such as arts and literature, mastering the achievements of the past is a precondition of creating new works. ç�¾åœ¨å’Œé�ŽåŽ» —————————— 86. ” Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.” 年輕人應該被 鼓 勵去 尋求 長期的 ç�¾å¯¦ç›®æ¨™è€Œä¸�是追求 眼å‰�çš„ å��è�²ã€‚ 1. Seeking immediate fame and recognition would turn out to be counterproductive. 2. Unfortunately, today’s education and society seem to attach more importance to immediate success. 3. In the long run, pursuing long-term goals not only benefit young people themselves but also the whole society. ç�¾å¯¦å’Œå°‡ä¾† —————————— 87. ” In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries.” 在所有的 ç ” 究領域中，新手è¦�比 專家更有å�¯èƒ½ç�²å¾—é‡�è¦�çš„ 發ç�¾ã€‚   Agree 1. Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, while experienced experts tend to be more conservative. 2. Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame. 新手和è€�手 —————————— 91. ” Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values.” 大多數人èª�ç‚ ºä»–們 深信ä¸�ç–‘ çš„ 價值觀是ç�†æ€§é�¸æ“‡çš„ çµ�果，但是ç�†æ™ºå¾€å¾€å°�於人們 å½¢æˆ�價值觀幾乎根本ä¸�起作用。 Individual’s deeply held values are usually not the result of rational choice, but the result of socialization. 1. It is the culture in which we live that provides us with the values. 2. Most people simply adopt the values instilled by their culture. 3. It is necessary to question the established values within a certain society. ç�†æ€§å’Œæ„ Ÿæ€§ä¹‹åƒ¹å€¼è§€ —————————— 95. ” People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.” 人們 在團隊中工作比 ç�¨ç«‹å·¥ä½œè¦�更加有效率。 團隊å�” 作需è¦�çš„ å�ˆä½œèƒ½å¤ æ¯” 個人間 çš„ 競爭更加激勵人們 。 1. In some jobs productivity clearly depends on the ability of coworkers to cooperate as members of a team. 2. In other types of jobs individual competition, tenacity and ambition are key to productivity. 3. On balance, however, my view is that cooperation is more crucial for an organization’s long-term p